| Guahibo | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in | Colombia, Venezuela |
| Region |
Casanare, eastern Meta, Vichada, Guaviare, Guainia states (Colombia) Orinoco River (Venezuela) |
| Native speakers | 23,000 in Colombia (2001) 11,200 in Venezuela (2001 census) |
| Language family |
Guahiban
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | guh |
Guahibo, the native language of the Guahibo people, is a Guahiban language that is spoken by about 23,006 people in Colombia and additional 8,428 in Venezuela. There is a 40% rate of monolingualism, and a 45% literacy rate.
Contents |
Guahibo has a unique and complex stress system with both primary and secondary stress. The stress system shows a sensitivity to syllable weight so that heavy syllables are always stressed. Both contrasting trochaic and iambic patterns are found on morphemes in nonfinal morphemes with more than two syllables:
| Trochaic | Iambic |
|---|---|
| ('LL)('LL) mátacàbi "day" |
(L'L)(L'L) tulíquisì "bead necklace" |
The binary feet are parsed from left to right within each morpheme. Morphemes with an odd number of syllables leave the final syllable unstressed (and unparsed into feet):
| Trochaic | Iambic |
|---|---|
| ('LL)L wánali "crystal" |
(L'L)L wayáfo "savannah" |
| ('LL)('LL)L pàlupáluma "rabbit" |
(L'L)(L'L)L culèmayúwa "species of turtle" |
Morphemes that consist of two syllables and are also word-final are an exception to the above and only have the trochaic pattern:
| Trochaic | Iambic (with reversal) |
|---|---|
| ('LL) náwa "grass fire" |
('LL) púca "lake" |
These morphemes alternate with an iambic pattern when placed in a nonfinal context. Thus náwa keeps its trochaic pattern with the addition of a single light syllable morpheme like -ta "in":
However, an iambic word show its underlying iamb when it is followed by -ta:
Affixation generally does not affect the stress pattern of each morpheme.
Heavy syllables since they are required to be stressed disrupt perfect trochaic and iambic rhythms. However, morphemes with a sequence of at least two light syllables show contrasting stress patterns:
| Trochaic | Iambic |
|---|---|
| ('LL)('H) nónojì "hot peppers" |
(L'L)('H) jútabài "motmot" |
Primary Stress. Primary stress generally falls on the rightmost nonfinal foot. For example, the following word
has primary stress on the rightmost foot (pa.lu) which is not word-final. However, the rightmost foot (qui.si) in
is word-final and cannot receive primary stress; the primary stress then falls on the next rightmost foot (tu.li). Placing a light syllable suffix -ta "with" after a four syllable root shows shifting of primary stress:
With the addition of the suffix, the root-final foot (ni.lu) is no longer word-final and is subsequently permitted to accept primary stress.