Grunwald–Wang theorem

In algebraic number theory, the Grunwald–Wang theorem states that—except in some precisely defined exceptional cases—an element x in a number field K is an nth power in K if it is an nth power in the localization $K_{\mathfrak{p}}$ for almost all (i.e. all but finitely many) primes $\mathfrak{p}$ of K. For example, a rational number is a square of a rational number if it is a square of a p-adic number for almost all primes p. The Grunwald–Wang theorem is an example of a local-global principle.

It was introduced by Wilhelm Grunwald (1933), but there was a mistake in this original version that was found and corrected by Shianghao Wang (1948).

1 History
2 Proof of Wang's counter-example
3 Another counter-example
4 A consequence of Wang's counter-example
5 Special fields
6 Statement of the theorem
7 Explanation of Wang's counter-example
8 Notes
9 References

History

Some days later I was with Artin in his office when Wang appeared. He said he had a counterexample to a lemma which had been used in the proof. An hour or two later, he produced a counterexample to the theorem itself... Of course he [Artin] was astonished, as were all of us students, that a famous theorem with two published proofs, one of which we had all heard in the seminar without our noticing anything, could be wrong.

John Tate, quoted in Roquette (2005, p.30)

Grunwald (1933), a student of Hasse, "proved" the erroneous statement that an element in a number field is an nth power if it is an nth power locally almost everywhere. Whaples (1942) gave another "proof" of this incorrect statement. However Wang (1948) discovered the following counter-example: 16 is a p-adic 8th power for all odd primes p, but not a rational (or 2-adic) 8th power. In his doctoral thesis Wang (1950) written under Artin, Wang gave and proved the correct formulation of Grunwald's theorem. This result is what is now known as the Grunwald–Wang theorem. The history of Wang's counterexample is discussed in Roquette (2005, section 5.3)

Proof of Wang's counter-example

It is clear that 16 is not a 2-adic 8th power, and hence not a rational 8th power, since the 2-adic valuation of 16 is 4 which is not divisible by 8.

Generally, 16 is an 8th power in a field K if and only if the polynomial $X^8-16$ has a root in K. Write

$X^8-16=(X^4-4)(X^4%2B4)=(X^2-2)(X^2%2B2)(X^2-2X%2B2)(X^2%2B2X%2B2).$

Thus, 16 is an 8th power in K if and only if 2, −2 or −1 is a square in K. Let p be any odd prime. It follows from the multiplicativity of the Legendre symbol that 2, −2 or −1 is a square modulo p. Hence, by Hensel's lemma, 2, −2 or −1 is a square in $\mathbb{Q}_p$ .

Another counter-example

16 is not an 8th power in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{7})$ although it is an 8th power locally everywhere (i.e. in $\mathbb{Q}_p(\sqrt{7})$ for all p). This follows from the above and the equality $\mathbb{Q}_2(\sqrt{7})=\mathbb{Q}_2(\sqrt{-1})$ .

A consequence of Wang's counter-example

Wang's counter-example has the following interesting consequence showing that one cannot always find a cyclic Galois extension of a given degree of a number field in which finitely many given prime places split in a specified way:

There exists no cyclic degree 8 extension $K/\mathbb{Q}$ in which the prime 2 is totally inert (i.e. such that $K_2/\mathbb{Q}_2$ has degree 8).

Special fields

For any $s\geq 2$ let

$\eta_s:=\exp\left(\frac{2\pi i}{2^s}\right)%2B\exp\left(-\frac{2\pi i}{2^s}\right)=2\cos\left(\frac{2\pi}{2^s}\right).$

Note that the $2^s$ th cyclotomic field is

$\mathbb{Q}_{2^s}=\mathbb{Q}(i,\eta_s).$

A field is called s-special if it contains $\eta_{s}$ , but neither $i$ , $\eta_{s%2B1}$ nor $i\eta_{s%2B1}$ .

Statement of the theorem

Consider a number field K and a natural number n. Let S be a finite (possibly empty) set of primes of K and put

$K(n,S):=\{x\in K\mid x\in K_{\mathfrak{p}}^n \mathrm{\ for\ all\ }\mathfrak{p}\not\in S\}.$

The Grunwald–Wang theorem says that

$K(n,S)=K^n$

unless we are in the special case which occurs when the following two conditions both hold:

$K$ is s-special with an $s$ such that $2^{s%2B1}$ divides n.
$S$ contains the special set $S_0$ consisting of those (necessarily 2-adic) primes $\mathfrak{p}$ such that $K_{\mathfrak{p}}$ is s-special.

The failure of the Hasse principle is finite: In the special case, the kernel of

$K^\times/n \to \prod_\mathfrak{p}K_\mathfrak{p}^\times/n$

is Z/2.

Explanation of Wang's counter-example

The field of rational numbers $K=\mathbb{Q}$ is 2-special since it contains $\eta_2=0$ , but neither $i$ , $\eta_3=\sqrt{2}$ nor $i\eta_3=\sqrt{-2}$ . The special set is $S_0=\{2\}$ . Thus, the special case in the Grunwald–Wang theorem occurs when n is divisible by 8, and S contains 2. This explains Wang's counter-example and shows that it is minimal. It is also seen that an element in $\mathbb{Q}$ is an nth power if it is a p-adic nth power for all p.