Grand Duchy of Hesse
The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (German: Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein), or, between 1806 and 1816, Grand Duchy of Hesse (German: Großherzogtum Hessen)—as it was also known after 1816—was a member state of the German Confederation from 1806, when the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was elevated to a Grand Duchy, until 1918, when all the German monarchies were overthrown. Before 1866, its northern neighbour was its former sister Landgraviate, since 1803 an Electorate, of Hessen-Kassel – for this reason, this state was sometimes colloquially known as Hesse-Darmstadt.
History
Due to Hesse-Darmstadt's membership of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to cede a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 German Mediatisation, was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.
The Grand Duchy changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (German: Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein) in 1816.
In 1867, the northern half of the Grand Duchy (Upper Hesse) became a part of the North German Confederation, while the half of the Grand Duchy south of the Main (Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse) remained outside. In 1871, it became a constituent state of the German Empire. The last Grand Duke, Ernst Ludwig (a grandson of Queen Victoria and brother to Empress Alexandra of Russia), was forced from his throne at the end of World War I, and the state was renamed the Volksstaat Hessen (People's State of Hesse).
The majority of the state combined with Frankfurt am Main, the Waldeck area (Rhine-Province) and the former Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau to form the new state of Hesse following the Second World War. Excepted was the Montabaur district from Hessen-Nassau and that part of Hessen-Darmstadt on the left bank of the Rhine (Rhenish Hesse) became part of the Rhineland-Palatinate state. (Bad) Wimpfen - an exclave of Hessen-Darmstadt - became part of Baden-Württemberg, district of Sinsheim.
Transport
Because of the disjointed nature of the state, it did not develop its own state railway to begin with, but set up joint railway projects with its neighbouring states: These were the:
In addition the state encouraged numerous other projects by the privately-owned Hessian Ludwig Railway Company. Finally, in 1876 the state founded its own company, the Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways, which continued to expand the network until it was finally merged into the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897.
Subdivisions of Hesse
The Grand Duchy of Hesse was divided into three provinces:
See also
External links
References
|
|
|
Rank elevated
by Napoleon |
|
|
|
| States created |
|
Kingdoms
|
|
|
|
Grand Duchies
|
|
|
|
Principalities
|
|
|
|
Pre-existing
states |
|
|
- 1 from 1810
- 2 until 1810
- 3 until 1809
- 4 from 1809
- 5 until 1811
|
|
|
|
|
| Empires |
|
|
|
| Kingdoms |
|
|
| Electorates |
|
|
| Grand Duchies |
|
|
| Duchies |
|
|
| Principalities |
|
|
| City-states |
|
|
Other territories
outside of the
confederacy |
|
|
- 1 w/o areas listed under other territories
- 2 Merged with Anhalt from 1863
- 3 until 1847
- 4 from 1839
- 5 from 1826
- 6 until 1826
- 7 until 1850
- 8 1849–60
- 9 as of 1849
- 10 until 1837
- 11 until 1829
- 12 until 1848/57
- 13 until 1848
- 14 as of 1848
- 15 as of 1829
- 16 as of 1864
|
|
|
|
|
| Kingdoms |
|
|
|
| Grand Duchies |
|
|
| Duchies |
|
|
| Principalities |
|
|
| City-states |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kingdoms |
|
|
|
| Grand Duchies |
|
|
| Duchies |
|
|
| Principalities |
|
|
| City-states |
|
|
| Other territories |
|
|