Gracilicutes

Gracilicutes
Escherichia coli cells magnified 25,000 times
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
(unranked): Gracilicutes
Kingdoms/Phyla

Proteobacteria
Planctobacteria
Sphingobacteria
Spirochaetae

Gracilicutes (Latin: gracilis, slender, and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) is a controversial taxon in Bacterial taxonomy.

Traditionally Gram staining results were most commonly used as a classification tool, consequently until the advent of molecular phylogeny, the Kingdom Prokaryotae (as the domain Bacteria was known then) was divided into four divisions,[1]

This classification system was abandoned in favour the molecular phylogeny bacterial megaclassification started by C. Woese.[3][4]

This taxon was revived in 2006 by Cavalier-Smith as a infrakindgom containing the phyla Spirochaetae, Sphingobacteria, Planctobacteria, and Proteobacteria.[5] However, this taxon is not accepted by the scientific community at large which follows the molecular phylogeny view.[6]

It is a Gram-negative clade that branched off from other bacteria just before the evolutionary loss of the outer membrane or capsule, and just after the evolution of flagella.[5]

Relationships

The following graph shows Cavalier-Smith's version of the tree of life, indicating the status of Gracilicutes.[7]

 [A] 

Chlorobacteria

 [B] 

Hadobacteria

 [C] 
 [D] 

Cyanobacteria

 [E] 
 [F] Gracilicutes

Spirochaetae



Sphingobacteria (FCB)



Planctobacteria (PVC)


Proteobacteria




 [G] 

Eurybacteria

 [H] [I] 

Endobacteria

 [J] 

Actinobacteria

 [K] Neomura  
 [L] 

Archaea

 [M] 

Eukarya









Legend:
[A] Gram-negative with a peptidoglycan cell wall like Chlorosomee.
[B] Oxygenic Photosynthesis, Omp85 and four new catalases.
[C] Glycobacterial revolution: outer membrane with insertion of lipopolysaccharides, hopanoids, diaminopimelic acid, ToIC and TonB.
[D] Phycobilin chromophores.
[E] Flagella.
[F] Four sections: an amino acid in HSP60 and FtsZ and a domain in RNA polymerases β and σ.
[G] Endospores.
[H] Gram-positive Bacteria: hypertrophy of the wall peptidoglycan, sortasa enzyme and a loss of the outer membrane.
[I] Glycerol 1-P dehydrogenase.
[J] Proteasome and phosphatidylinositol.
[K] Neomura revolution: Replacement of peptidoglycan by glycoproteins and lipoproteins.
[L] Reverse DNA gyrase and ether lipid isoprenoids.
[M] Phagocytosis.


References

  1. ^ GIBBONS (N.E.) and MURRAY (R.G.E.): Proposals concerning the higher taxa of bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 1978, 28, 1-6.
  2. ^ MURRAY (R.G.E.): The higher taxa, or, a place for everything...? In: N.R. KRIEG and J.G. HOLT (ed.) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1984, p. 31-34
  3. ^ Woese, CR (1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiological reviews 51 (2): 221–71. PMC 373105. PMID 2439888. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=373105.  edit
  4. ^ George M. Garrity, ed (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)] (in English). Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951. http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24143-2. 
  5. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T (2006). "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses". Biol. Direct 1: 19. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19. PMC 1586193. PMID 16834776. http://www.biology-direct.com/content/1//19. 
  6. ^ George M. Garrity, ed (November 24, 2010) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)] (in English). The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 908. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6. British Library no. GBA561951. http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-95042-6. 
  7. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (2006). "Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1470): 969–1006. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842. PMC 1578732. PMID 16754610. http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/0164755512w92302/fulltext.pdf 
Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification (phyla and orders)
Domain: Archaea – Bacteria – Eukaryota
G-/
OM
Caulobacterales · Kiloniellales · Kordiimonadales · Parvularculales · Rhizobiales · Rhodobacterales · Rhodospirillales · Rickettsiales · Sneathiellales · Sphingomonadales
Campylobacterales · Nautiliales
Other GN
G+/
no OM
Selenomonadales
Erysipelotrichia
Erysipelotrichiales
Actinomycetales · Bifidobacteriales · Acidimicrobiales · Coriobacteriales · Nitriliruptorales · Rubrobacterales · Thermoleophilales · Solirubrobacterales

M: BAC

bact (clas)

gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o

drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc)