| Gogok | |
|---|---|
Glass and jade beads excavated from King Muryeong's Tomb with gold cap ornaments. |
|
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 곱은옥 or 곡옥 |
| Hanja | 곱은玉 or 曲玉 |
| Revised Romanization | gobeunok or gogok |
| McCune–Reischauer | kobǔnok or kokok |
Gobeunok or Gogok is a Korean word for comma-shaped or curved beads and jewels, which originated and is found in Japan but later transferred to Korea. Gogok is also sometimes romanized as "kogok" and "kokkok" or "kokok." They are also found in China and other parts of Asia, but are most numerous in Korea and also in Japan, where they are known as magatama. Although usually made from jadeite, they have been discovered made from many different materials such as nephrite, stone, clay, bone and glass. They range in size range from 1 to 10 cm, have a small hole in the middle of the round part for threading. Used as earrings and necklaces, and as decoration on crowns, belts, and bracelets. Some are further decorated with gold or silver attachments.
The curved nature of the gogok beads and their similarities to bear claws has led to a theory of Scytho-Siberian influence and origin created by bear totem tribes.[1]
In Korea, jade gogok are found at prehistoric sites. [2] Throughout the Korean peninsula, nephrite gogok are found in Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in stone burial chambers (stone cists and dolmens). This probably indicates that gogok were symbols of prestige and power buried with the elites of society.
The most famous examples of gogok in Korean art are from the Three Kingdoms period, in Silla royal crowns, earrings, necklaces, and belts. These treasures were found in the burial mounds and royal mausoleums of Silla, Baekje, and Gaya kings.[3] The ornamental antlers and tree-like structures of the Silla crown and similarities of the crown with works from the Eurasian steppes and Afghanistan suggests vast networks of trade and also reinforces a Scytho-Siberian origin for gogok.[4] They declined in use from about the middle of the 6th century.[5]
The origin of gogok is contested by archaeologists because these jewels are common in Kofun tombs as well as in contemporaneous Korean tombs both on the Korean Peninsula and in Japan. The presence of Japanese tombs in Korea is due to the fact that many Japanese noblemen and members of the Yamato family held high positions in Korea due to the close relationship between the Japanese and Korean royal houses; many of the Korean empresses were daughters of the Yamato family. [6][7] One archaeologist, James Keally, who believes gogok originated in Japan cites the fact that gogok have been reported in Jōmon sites in Tohoku as early as about 1000 BCE.[7]