| Głowno | |||
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Głowno
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| Coordinates: | |||
| Country | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship | Łódź | ||
| County | Zgierz | ||
| Gmina | Głowno (urban gmina) | ||
| Established | 15th century | ||
| Town rights | 1427-1869, 1925 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Grzegorz Janeczek | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 19.82 km2 (7.7 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2006) | |||
| • Total | 15,167 | ||
| • Density | 765.2/km2 (1,982/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | 95-015 | ||
| Area code(s) | +48 42 | ||
| Car plates | EZG | ||
| Website | http://glowno.pl | ||
Głowno [ˈɡwɔvnɔ] is a town and community in Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship, in Zgierz County, about 25 km northeast of Łódź. The town administratively belonged to the Łódź Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998. According to data from August 10, 2006, the city has 15,282 inhabitants. Głowno is a twin town of German Remptendorf commune.
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The first settlement on the location of the present-day Głowno is thought to have been in the 11th century, but the first town was organized in th early 15th century near a trade route from Dukedom of Mazovia to Polish kingdom. Rawa Mazowiecka feudal lord Jakub Glowienski founded the first Roman Catholic church there and on March 11, 1420 his Church of St. Jacob was consecrated. In 1427, the same feudal lord Jakub from Glowno asked his Mazovian duke to establish a town and such privilege was granted by Duke Siemowit V of Rawa under Kulm law. The city rights, granted in 1427 remained with an interruption between the years 1870–1925.
Upon incorporation of the Rawa dukedom into the Kingdom of Poland in 1462 a new voivodeship was established called the Rawa Voivodeship. Glowno belonged to that voivodeship until 1793 or the second partition of Poland. In 1504 a fire destroyed a large part of the city, whereupon King Alexander Jagiellon suspended taxation for its inhabitants for ten years. In 1522 second fire struck and King Sigismund I the Old granted another 10 year taxation reprieve. Because of the Deluge and the rebellion under Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, the population severely diminished, and in 1676, only 74 people lived in Głowno, but under the rule of King John III Sobieski the town population recovered somewhat. During the Great Northern War the town and church were ransacked by Saxon and Swedish troops, including a short but devastating stay by Swedish king Charles XI and his mounted troops in 1704. Consequently, in 1710, an epidemic struck, killing inhabitants from local nobility to town peoples, and town was almost finished. Finally the city was sold to Baltazar Ciecierski stolnik of Drohiczyn. After 1730s and perahps closer to 1750, new owner started settling Jews there, in order to create income from textile industry. In 1741 King August III the Saxon granted market privileges to Ciecierski's town, allowing the town to hold four market fairs during a calendar year. In 1775 there were 60 tax paying households in the town.
In 1793, the Second Partition of Poland took place, whereby the city was taken over by Prussia. With the resurgence of Polish statehood and establishment of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1806, the area was incorporated therein. In 1815, upon defeat of Napoleon town fell to the Russians and became part of the newly formed Congress Poland.
In 1869, Russian occupying authorities took away Głowno's city rights, a strong punitive measure intended as a humiliation for its citizens' participation in the January Uprising. In 1870, Czar Alexander II of Russia downgraded a large number of Polish cities from towns to villages in all of Polish territories under Russian administration, and Glowno suffered the same fate.
In 1903, the railway connection between Warsaw and Łódź was built through Głowno, therewith representing a positive factor for the economy. The first volunteer fire department was formed in 1908. In 1924, the "Buch and Werner Norblin Brothers" company opened a factory branch in Głowno. Upon resurrection of the Polish Republic in 1918, the new Polish government reestablished the lost city status and rights in 1925.
With the outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939, the area was a scene of the Battle of Bzura and some fighting occurred in Głowno vicinity. The town was overrun by the Wehrmacht during the second week of September. Nazi German administration was established and Głowno became part of German administrative unit known as General Government. During the occupation numerous acts of Polish resistance occurred in Głowno including the clandestine execution of a Roman Catholic priest who worked as an informant for the Nazi police. Nazi reprisals took the lives of many citizens, including those murdered in mass executions and in the town's police headquarters and also in the Warsaw's infamous prison Pawiak. Many citizens were forced into slave labor for the Germans and some were shipped to various factories and farms across Germany.
The German authorities established a Jewish ghetto in Głowno in May 1940,[1] in order to confine its Jewish population for the purpose of persecution and exploitation.[2] The ghetto was liquidated in March 1941, when all its 5,600 inhabitants were transported in cattle trucks to Łowicz and from there to the Warsaw Ghetto, the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2), or 7.2 persons per room.[3] By the time Nazi-occupied Poland was liberated, not a single Jewish ghetto remained on Polish lands.[4][5][6]
Głowno is located in the Central Polish Lowlands (Nizina Polska), within the smaller geographical area of Łowicz-Błońska Plain at the confluence of three small rivers: Mroga, Mrożyca, and Brzuśnia. There are two dammed lakes with the total area of around 39 hectares, both fed by the waters of Mroga River. The city's elevation is from 119.3 to 145.9 meters, the higher number belongs to the northern part of the town, above sea level. The valleys of Mroga and Mrożyca form a natural, ecological contour of Głowno. The town area is a rather flat surface, and only the edges of the river valleys and a small chain of sand dunes in the center of the town (known as Marakan) form any variation in otherwise flat landscape. The land area of Głowno consists of 1,867 hectares, or 18.67 square kilometers. Town is located 29 kilometers northeast of Łódź and about 100 kilometers southwest of the Polish capital, Warsaw. According to 2002 data, Głowno has a surface area of 19.82 square kilometers, including 35% rural and 30% forested. The city comprises 2.32% surface of the administrative district.
Głowno is surrounded by forests of pine, oak, birch, and fir. They are the remainder of the forests that formerly grew in the region of Łódź. They cover the area of the valley of the village of Olszowa. The northern forested part of Głowno has been declared as the Zabrzeźnia Reserve. The total area is 27.6 hectares. In the field of the reserve grows an oak-hornbeam forest. In Głowno, fir and beech are the main objects of preservation for the Zabrzeźnia Reserve. The northern limit of the occurrence of this tree crosses through here. The forested valley of three rivers form a unique microclimate around the region of Głowno.
The yearly air temperature averages 7.5C, in the summer +10C, in the winter - 2.5C. The annual amount of rainfall varies around 500 millimeters.
| Year | 1676 | 1777 | 1810 | ca. 1914 | 1939 |
| Total inhabitants [7] | 74 | 360 | 633 | 3,164 | 9,000 |
| Description | General | Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 15,221 | 100% | 7,970 | 52.4% | 7,251 | 47.6% |
| Population density (persons/km²) |
768 | 402.1 | 365.8 | |||
According to data from June 10, 2006, the population is now 15,282. Głowno is one of five cities in Zgierz County, comprising 10% of its population. The city's population is in a downward trend, which is expected to continue. According to data from 2002, the average per capita income amounts to 1083.82 złoty per month.
Głowno was the center of the engine industry until quite lately (including, among others, the Military Motor Plant, the Ponar-Łódź Grinder Factory, Urządeń WUTECH Technical Plant, the "Chojaczki" Agricultural Repair Plant); but presently, mainly corsetry, textiles, and lingerie. The JanMor yacht shipyard of the Łódź Voivodeship is located in Głowno.
Głowno is divided into districts. Here are the names of some of them: Osiny, Huta Józefów, Borówka-Otwock, Kopernika, Zabrzeźnia, Cichorajka, Zakopane, Swoboda.
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