Gemmula
Gemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.[2]
These snails are venomous with disulfide-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.[3] These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds [4]
Habitat and feeding habits
The snails in this genus occur mostly in deeper tropical waters at depths between 50 and 500m. Because of these deep habitats, little is known about their feeding habits.
Taxonomy
The Gemmula clade is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris, Turris and Lophiotoma than to the other clades in the subfamily Turrinae.
Description
As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radula (formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.[5]
Species
The genus Gemmula is the largest genus in the subfamily Turrinae. Species within the genus Gemmula include:
- Gemmula aethiopica (Thiele, 1925)[6]
- Gemmula alwyni Kilburn, 2005[7]
- Gemmula amabilis [8]
- Gemmula ambara Olivera et al., 2008[9]
- Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901)[10]
- Gemmula championi Kilburn, 1983[11]
- Gemmula closterion Sysoev, 1997[12]
- Gemmula concinna (Dunker, 1871)[13]
- Gemmula congener (Smith E. A., 1894)[14]
- Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930)[15]
- Gemmula damperierana Powell, 1964[16]
- Gemmula diomedea Powell, 1964[17]
- Gemmula ducalis (Thiele, 1925)[18]
- Gemmula fenestrata Kosuge, 1990[19]
- Gemmula flata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008[20]
- Gemmula gemmulina (Martens, 1902)[21]
- Gemmula gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902)[22]
- Gemmula graeffei (Weinkauff, 1875)[23]
- Gemmula grandigyrata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008[24]
- Gemmula granosus (Helbling, 1779)[25]
- Gemmula hastula (Reeve, 1843)[26]
- Gemmula hawleyi (Iredale, 1931)[27]
- Gemmula hindsiana Berry, 1958[28]
- Gemmula husamaru (Nomura, 1940)[29]
- Gemmula interpolata Powell, 1967[30]
- Gemmula kieneri (Doumet, 1840)[31]
- Gemmula lisajoni Olivera, 1999[32]
- Gemmula lordhoweensis Kantor & Sysoev, 1991[33]
- Gemmula lululimi Olivera, 1999[34]
- Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964)[35]
- Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895)[36]
- Gemmula monilifera (Pease, 1860)[37]
- Gemmula murrayi Powell, 1964[38]
- Gemmula mystica Simone, 2005[39]
- Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889)[40]
- Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895)[41]
- Gemmula pseudogranosa (Nomura, 1940)[42]
- Gemmula pseudomonilifera Powell, 1967[43]
- Gemmula rarimaculata Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971[44]
- Gemmula rosario Shikama, 1977[45]
- Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902)[46]
- Gemmula sibogae (Schepman, 1913)[47]
- Gemmula sibukoensis Powell, 1964[48]
- Gemmula sikatunai Olivera, 2004[49]
- Gemmula sogodensis Olivera, 2004[50]
- Gemmula speciosa (Reeve, 1842)[51]
- Gemmula stupa Lee, 2001[52]
- Gemmula subfenestrata Kosuge, 1990[53]
- Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964)[54]
- Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967[55]
- Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930[56]
- Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913)[57]
- Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840)[58]
- Gemmula vagata (Smith E. A., 1895)[59]
- Gemmula webberae Kilburn, 1975[60]
- Gemmula westaustralis Kosuge, 1990[61]
References
- ^ Weinkauff (1875). Jahrb. dtsch. malak. Ges. 2: 285.
- ^ a b Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204110 on 3 October 2010.
- ^ Heralde III, Francisco M.; Julita Imperial, Pradip K. Bandyopadhyay, Baldomero M. Olivera, Gisela P. Concepcion and Ameurfina D. Santo (April 2008). "A rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous Gemmula species". Toxicon 51 (5): 890–897. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.022. PMC 2582027. PMID 18272193. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCS-4RFSCSF-1&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1439271441&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d51434e3ff42442ea9436a1b65880f62. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ [http://www.philsciletters.org/October%202008/Gemmula%20ambara/Gemmula%20ambara%20PSL%202008%20Olivera.pdf Baldomero M. Olivera, David R. Hillyard and Maren Watkins, A new species of Gemmula, Weinkauff 1875; Evidence of two clades of Philippine species in the genus Gemmula, Philippine Science letters, vol. 1 (1)]
- ^ Francisco M. Heralde III et al., The Indo-Pacific Gemmula species in the subfamily Turrinae: Aspects of field distribution, molecular phylogeny, radular anatomy and feeding ecology, Philippine Science Letters, vol. 3 (1), 2010
- ^ Gemmula aethiopica (Thiele, 1925). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433835 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula alwyni Kilburn, 2005. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389725 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula amabilis . Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217101 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula ambara Olivera et al., 2008. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433836 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433837 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula championi Kilburn, 1983. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433838 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula closterion Sysoev, 1997. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433839 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula concinna (Dunker, 1871). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433840 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula congener (Smith E. A., 1894). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433841 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433842 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula damperierana Powell, 1964. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433843 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula diomedea Powell, 1964. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435269 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula ducalis (Thiele, 1925). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433844 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula fenestrata Kosuge, 1990. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433845 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula flata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456829 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula gemmulina (Martens, 1902). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433846 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433847 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula graeffei (Weinkauff, 1875). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433848 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula grandigyrata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456830 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula granosus (Helbling, 1779). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433849 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula hastula (Reeve, 1843). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432706 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula hawleyi (Iredale, 1931). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433850 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula hindsiana Berry, 1958. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433851 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula husamaru (Nomura, 1940). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433852 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula interpolata Powell, 1967. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433853 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula kieneri (Doumet, 1840). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433854 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula lisajoni Olivera, 1999. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433855 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula lordhoweensis Kantor & Sysoev, 1991. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432703 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula lululimi Olivera, 1999. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433856 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432702 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433857 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula monilifera (Pease, 1860). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433858 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula murrayi Powell, 1964. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433859 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula mystica Simone, 2005. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389708 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=420395 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433860 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula pseudogranosa (Nomura, 1940). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433861 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula pseudomonilifera Powell, 1967. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433862 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula rarimaculata Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433863 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula rosario Shikama, 1977. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217100 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433864 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula sibogae (Schepman, 1913). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433865 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula sibukoensis Powell, 1964. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433866 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula sikatunai Olivera, 2004. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433867 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula sogodensis Olivera, 2004. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433868 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula speciosa (Reeve, 1842). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433869 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula stupa Lee, 2001. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432704 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula subfenestrata Kosuge, 1990. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433870 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435256 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433871 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217102 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432705 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432707 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula vagata (Smith E. A., 1895). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433872 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula webberae Kilburn, 1975. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435270 on 14 April 2010.
- ^ Gemmula westaustralis Kosuge, 1990. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=433873 on 14 April 2010.