Garðaríki (anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike) or Garðaveldi is the Old Norse term used in medieval times for the states of Kievan Rus'. The shortened form Garðar also refers to the same country, as does the general term for "East", Austr, with its various derivations: Austrvegr ("Eastern way"), Austrlönd ("Eastern lands") and Austrríki ("Eastern realm"). A third set of names consisted of Svíþjóð hin mikla[1] ("Great Sweden") and Svíþjóð hin kalda,[1][2] ("Cold Sweden") which probably referred to an east Scandinavian origin of many of the Norse settlers in the region.
The meaning of the word Garðaríki is usually interpreted as "the kingdom of cities", or "the realm of towns",[3] which probably referred to a chain of Norse forts along the Volkhov River, starting with Lyubsha and Ladoga. These forts had to assert themselves especially against the kingdom of the Khazars until the end of the 9th Current century and therefore they developed the first East Slavic state which is known as Kievan Rus'.
Gardar contains the same root as Slavic gord ("town") and English garden. Garðr refers to a wall or fortification but came to primarily mean what it contained. For the Germanic etymology of the latter element, see the article on Reich.
As the Varangians dealt mainly with Northern Russian lands, their sagas regard the city of Holmsgardr (Holmgarðr, Veliky Novgorod) as the capital of Garðaríki. Other local towns mentioned in the sagas are Aldeigjuborg (Old Ladoga), Kœnugarðr (Kiev), Pallteskja (Polotsk), Smaleskja (Smolensk), Súrsdalar (Suzdal), Móramar (Murom), and Ráðstofa (Rostov).
Three of the Varangian runestones, G 114, Sö 338, and U 209, refer to Scandinavian men who had been in Garðar.[4]
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