Galectin-3

Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family, of which 14 mammalian galectins have been identified.[1] Galectin-3 is approximately 30 kDa and, like all galectins, contains a carbohydrate-recognition-binding domain (CRD) of about 130 amino acids that enable the specific binding of β-galactosides.[1][2][3][4] Galectin-3 is encoded by a single gene, LGALS3, located on chromosome 14, locus q21–q22.[1][5] It is expressed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell surface, and extracellular space.[1][2][3] This protein has been shown to be involved in the following biological processes: cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cell growth and differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis.[1] Given galectin-3’s broad biological functionality, it has been demonstrated to be involved in cancer, inflammation and fibrosis, heart disease, and stroke.[1][4][6][7] Studies have also shown that the expression of galectin-3 is implicated in a variety of processes associated with heart failure, including myofibroblast proliferation, fibrogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, and Ventricular remodeling.[6][8][9] Elevated levels of galectin-3 have been found to be significantly associated with higher risk of death in both acute decompensated heart failure and chronic heart failure populations.[10][11][12][13]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Dumic J, Dabelic S, Flögel M. (2006). "Galectin-3: an open-ended story.". Biochim Biophys Acta 1760 (4): 616–635. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.12.020. PMID 16478649. 
  2. ^ a b Liu F, Patterson RJ, Wang JL. (2002). "Intracellular function of galectins.". Biochim Biophys Acta 1572 (2-3): 263–273. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00313-6. PMID 12223274. 
  3. ^ a b Cooper D. (2002). "Galectinomics: finding themes in complexity.". Biochim Biophys Acta 1572 (2-3): 209–231. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00310-0. PMID 12223271. 
  4. ^ a b Henderson NC, Sethi T. (2009). "The regulation of inflammation by galectin-3.". Immunol Rev 230 (1): 160–171. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00794.x. PMID 19594635. .
  5. ^ Raimond J, Zimonjic DB, Mignon C, et al. (1997). "Mapping of the galectin-3 gene (LGALS3) to human chromosome 14 at region 14q21—22.". Mamm Genome 8 (9): 706–707. doi:10.1007/s003359900548. PMID 9271684. 
  6. ^ a b Sharma UC, Pokharel S, van Brakel TJ, et al. (2004). "Galectin-3 marks activated macrophages in failure-prone hypertrophied hearts and contributes to cardiac dysfunction.". Circulation 110 (19): 3121–3128. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000147181.65298.4D. PMID 15520318. 
  7. ^ Yan Y, Lang B, Vemuganti R, et al. (2009). "Galectin-3 mediates post-ischemic tissue remodeling.". Brain Res 1288: 116–124. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.073. PMID 19573520. 
  8. ^ Liu YH, D'Ambrosio M, et al. (2009). "N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline prevents cardiac remodeling and dysfunction induced by galectin-3, a mammalian adhesion/growth-regulatory lectin.". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296 (2): H404-12. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00747.2008. PMC 2643891. PMID 19098114. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2643891. 
  9. ^ Lin YH, Lin LY, Wu YW, et al. (2009). "The relationship between serum galectin-3 and serum markers of cardiac extracellular matrix turnover in heart failure patients". Clin Chim Acta 409 (1-2): 96–99. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.09.001. PMID 19747906. 
  10. ^ van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL, Ellinor PT, et al. (2006). "Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure.". J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (6): 1217–24. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.061. PMID 16979009. 
  11. ^ Lok D, van der Meer P, de La Porte PM, et al. Galectin-3, a novel marker of macrophage activity, predicts outcome in patients with stable chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:98A.
  12. ^ van Veldhuisen DJ, Lok DJ, Damman K, et al. (2009). "Clinical and prognostic value of galectin-3, a novel fibrosis-associated biomarker, in patients with chronic heart failure.". J Card Fail 15 (9): 814. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.10.013. 
  13. ^ DeFilippi C, Christenson R, Shah R, et al. (2009). "Clinical validation of a novel assay for galectin-3 for risk assessment in acutely destabilized heart failure.". J Card Fail 15 (6): S9. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.06.405. 

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