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Fort Walton Mound
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Fort Walton Mound, in the Indian Temple Mound and Museum
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| Location: | Fort Walton Beach, Florida USA |
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| NRHP Reference#: | 66000268[1] |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP: | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL: | July 19, 1964[2] |
The Fort Walton Mound is an ancient earthwork mound located in present-day Fort Walton Beach, Florida. The mound was built about 850 CE by the Fort Walton Culture, a local form of the Mississippian culture. The Mississippian peoples built the greatest prehistoric mound complexes in North America north of Mexico. Because of its significance, the mound was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
Still reduced by time, the massive platform mound is still 12 feet (3.7 m) high and 223 feet (68 m) wide at the base. It was an expression of a complex culture, built by a hierarchical society whose leaders planned and organized the labor of many workers for such construction. The mound served combined ceremonial, political and religious purposes. At the center of the village and its supporting agricultural lands, the mound served as the platform for the temple and residence of the chief. Successive leaders were buried in the mound and additional layers were added over time.
This is one of three surviving mound complexes in the panhandle, the others being Letchworth Mounds and Lake Jackson Mounds state parks.
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The Fort Walton Mound was probably built around 800 CE, although Charles H. Fairbanks who excavated the mound in 1960 believed it was built between 1500-1650 based on pottery sherds he uncovered and analyzed.[3] A prehistoric Southeastern Native American group (originally defined as the Fort Walton Culture by Gordon Willey, but more likely built by the Pensacola Culture as it is now more clearly understood) constructed the mound during the Mississippian cultural time period.[4] The mound served as the ceremonial and political center of their chiefdom and probably the residence of the chief. It was also the burial ground of the elites in the society. Archaeological evidence suggests that several buildings once stood on top of the mound, perhaps at different times throughout its use. These buildings were probably done in the typical wattle and daub construction common among Southeastern Native American groups. By sometime in the late 1600s the mound was abandoned by its original builders and lay dormant in use until the area was reinhabited by white settlers in the mid 19th century.
The Confederate soldiers established "Camp Walton" at the base of Fort Walton Mound in 1861 during the Civil War to guard Santa Rosa Sound and Choctawhatchee Bay. As with many of Florida's mound structures, the Fort Walton Mound was first excavated by antiquarians and amateur archaeologists. The Walton Guard soldiers are the first recorded group to have excavated the mound. John Love McKinnon, an officer with the Walton Guards at the time, wrote a description of their excavation in his book "History of Walton County."[5] McKinnon noted that several human remains the soldiers unearthed were from large individuals and probably belonged to warriors as indicated by damage they observed on the skulls, thighs and arms bones consistent with hacking and blunt force trauma. He speculated that the area they dug into was once a charnel house.[5] A couple decades after the Civil War, in 1883 S.T. Walker wrote a report about excavating the mound for the Smithsonian Institution.[6]:854 Walker surveyed several mounds in the Florida Panhandle and noted that many curiosity seekers had dug into the mound over the years. Walker noted that Dr. S.S. Forbes from Milton, Florida, had excavated the mound previously and discovered bones and several clay effigies which he later donated to the Smithsonian.[6]:862
Clarence Bloomfield Moore also excavated the mound in 1901 and brought many before unseen ceramic vessels and burial items to light.[7] In 1940 the highly respected archaeologist Gordon Willey and Richard Woodbury rexamined the Fort Walton Mound and other sites Moore had visited.[8] Their work here was mentioned in Willey's highly acclaimed work “Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast," which he completed when he worked for the Bureau of American Ethnology Smithsonian Institution.[9] By 1960 Dr. Charles Fairbanks, an archaeologist and professor at Florida State University, was contacted by the city and he excavated the mound to determine the original size, shape, and construction method of the mound.[10] Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the Fort Walton Mound was excavated by members of the museum staff under the guidance of William and Yulee Lazarus.[11] In 1971-1973 with the help of Depauw University's Robert J. Fornaro the mound was excavated to locate post holes and recover ceramic material that might fit vessels found earlier.[12] The last excavation of the Fort Walton Mound occurred in 1976 by then FSU graduate student Nina Thanz (Borremans). Thanz was tasked with making sure the reconstruction of a temple building being planned for the top of the mound would not disturb any human remains or artifacts during construction. She found several post holes from different structures built on top of the mound and evidence for a charnel house. Her findings of post holes became one source of the dimensions to the building structure that stands on the mound today. According to the first curator of the Indian Temple Mound Museum Yulee Lazarus the reconstruction of the temple building that currently stands on top of the mound was never intended on being a "replica," but rather to "bolster the imagination and interpretation of the Indians' use of the temple mound."[13]
The city operates a park and cultural center that includes the Indian Temple Mound and Museum located at the site. The city-owned and operated museum features pre-Columbian artifacts, as well as a variety of exhibits on later Native American and Floridian history. The address is 139 Miracle Strip Pkwy SE, near the intersection of State Road 85 and U.S. Route 98, in the Florida Panhandle.
The museum is part the Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park & Cultural Center. Admission to Heritage Park includes entrance to the Indian Temple Mound Museum, Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum and Garnier Post Office Museum.
The Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum was the original one-room schoolhouse built in 1911.[14] It opened for use for the community children from 1912-1936. Opened in 1976, the museum features early 20th-century desks and education items.
The Garnier Post Office Museum is an original small rural post office that displays the postal history of Camp Walton and Fort Walton with emphasis from 1900 to the 1950s. The site also served as a voting location. The museum opened in 1988.[15]
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