Faroese | ||||
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føroyskt | ||||
Pronunciation | [ˈføːɹɪst], [ˈføːɹɪʂt] | |||
Spoken in | Faroe Islands Denmark Norway |
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Native speakers | 48,300 (2007) | |||
Language family |
Indo-European
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Writing system | Latin (Faroese alphabet) | |||
Official status | ||||
Official language in | Faroe Islands | |||
Recognised minority language in | Denmark | |||
Regulated by | Faroese Language Board Føroyska málnevndin | |||
Language codes | ||||
ISO 639-1 | fo | |||
ISO 639-2 | fao | |||
ISO 639-3 | fao | |||
Linguasphere | 52-AAA-ab | |||
Faroese keyboard layout
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Faroese[1] (føroyskt, pronounced [ˈføːɹɪst] or [ˈføːɹɪʂt]), is an Insular Nordic language spoken by 50,000 people in the Faroe Islands and about 25,000 Faroese people in Denmark and elsewhere. It is one of four languages descended from the Old West Norse language spoken in the Middle Ages, the others being Icelandic, Norwegian and the extinct Norn, which is thought to have been mutually intelligible with Faroese. Faroese and Icelandic, its closest extant relative, are not mutually intelligible in speech, but the written languages resemble each other quite closely.[2]
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Around AD 900 the language spoken in the Faroes was Old Norse, which Norwegian settlers had brought with them during the time of the landnám that began in AD 825. However, many of the settlers were not from present-day Norway but descendants of Norwegian settlers in the Irish Sea. In addition, native Norwegian settlers often married women from Norse Ireland, Orkney, or Shetland before settling in the Faroe Islands and Iceland. As a result, Celtic languages influenced both Faroese and Icelandic. There is some debatable evidence of Celtic language place names in the Faroes: for example Mykines and Stóra & Lítla Dímun have been hypothesized to contain Celtic roots. Other examples of early-introduced words of Celtic origin are; "blak/blaðak" (buttermilk) Irish bláthach; "drunnur" (tail-piece of an animal) Irish dronn; "grúkur" (head, headhair) Irish gruaig; "lámur" (hand, paw) Irish lámh; "tarvur" (bull) Irish tarbh; and "ærgi" (pasture in the outfield) Irish áirge.[3]
Between the 9th and the 15th centuries a distinct Faroese language evolved, although it was still mutually intelligible with the Old West Norse language and was closely related to the Norn language of Orkney and Shetland.
Until the 15th century Faroese had an orthography similar to Icelandic and Norwegian, but after the Reformation in 1536 the ruling Danes outlawed its use in schools, churches and official documents. The islanders continued to use the language in ballads, folktales and everyday life. This maintained a rich spoken tradition, but for 300 years the language was unwritten.
This changed when Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb and the Icelandic grammarian and politician, Jón Sigurðsson, published a written standard for Modern Faroese in 1854 which is still in existence. They set a standard for the orthography of the language, based on its Old Norse roots and similar to that of Icelandic. This had the advantage of being etymologically clear, as well as keeping the kinship with the Icelandic written language. The actual pronunciation however, often differs from the written rendering. The letter ð, for example, has no specific phoneme attached to it.
Jakob Jakobsen devised a rival system of orthography, based on his wish for a phonetic spelling; but this system was never taken up by the speakers.
In 1937 Faroese replaced Danish as the official school language, in 1938 as the church language, and in 1948 as the national language by the Home Rule Act of the Faroes. However, Faroese did not become the common language of media and advertising until the 1980s. Today Danish is considered a foreign language, though around five percent of Faroe Islanders learn it as a first language and it is a required subject for students in third grade[4] and up.
It is unusual for Faroese to be taught at universities outside the Faroes, although it is occasionally included in Scandinavian studies; University College London and the University of Copenhagen have course options in Faroese for students reading Scandinavian Studies.[5] Most students, therefore, learn it autodidactically from books, by listening to Faroese on radio [6] and through correspondence with Faroese people. A good opportunity for learning Faroese is also by visiting websites.
The University of the Faroe Islands offers an annual three-week Summer Institute which includes:
The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters derived from the Latin alphabet:
Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | Á | B | D | Ð | E | F | G | H | I | Í | J | K | L | M | N | O | Ó | P | R | S | T | U | Ú | V | Y | Ý | Æ | Ø |
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | á | b | d | ð | e | f | g | h | i | í | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | p | r | s | t | u | ú | v | y | ý | æ | ø |
Notes:
Grapheme | Name | Short | Long |
A, a | fyrra a [ˈfɪɹːa ɛaː] ("leading a") | /a/ | /ɛaː/ |
Á, á | á [ɔaː] | /ɔ/ | /ɔaː/ |
E, e | e [eː] | /ɛ/ | /eː/ |
I, i | fyrra i [ˈfɪɹːa iː] ("leading i") | /ɪ/ | /iː/ |
Í, í | fyrra í [ˈfɪɹːa ʊiː] ("leading í") | /ʊi/ | /ʊiː/ |
O, o | o [oː] | /ɔ/ | /oː/ |
Ó, ó | ó [ɔuː] | /œ/ | /ɔuː/ |
U, u | u [uː] | /ʊ/ | /uː/ |
Ú, ú | ú [ʉuː] | /ʏ/ | /ʉuː/ |
Y, y | seinna i [ˈsaiːdna iː] ("latter i") | /ɪ/ | /iː/ |
Ý, ý | seinna í [ˈsaiːdna ʊiː] ("latter í") | /ʊi/ | /ʊiː/ |
Æ, æ | seinna a [ˈsaiːdna ɛaː] ("latter a") | /a/ | /ɛaː/ |
Ø, ø | ø [øː] | /œ/ | /øː/ |
EI, ei | ei [eiː] | /ai/ | /aiː/ |
EY, ey | ey [eyː] | /ɛ/ | /ɛiː/ |
OY, oy | oy [oyː] | /ɔi/ | /ɔiː/ |
As in several other Germanic languages, stressed vowels in Faroese are long when not followed by two or more consonants. Two consonants or a consonant cluster usually indicates a short vowel. Exceptions may be short vowels in particles, pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions in unstressed positions, consisting of just one syllable.
As may be seen on the table to the left, Faroese (like English) has a very atypical pronunciation of its vowels, with odd offglides and other features. For example, long í and ý sound almost like a long Hiberno-English i, and long ó like an American English long o.
While in other Germanic languages a short /e/ is common for inflectional endings, Faroese uses /a, i, u/. This means that there are no unstressed short vowels except for these three. Even if a short unstressed /e/ is seen in writing, it will be pronounced like /i/: áðrenn [ˈɔaːɹɪnː] (before). Very typical are endings like -ur, -ir, -ar. The dative is often indicated by -um which is always pronounced [ʊn].
Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in dialects | |||||
Borðoy, Kunoy, Tórshavn | Viðoy, Svínoy, Fugloy | Suðuroy | Elsewhere (standard) | ||
gulur (yellow) | [ˈɡ̊uːləɹ] | [ˈɡ̊uːləɹ] | [ˈɡ̊uːløɹ] | [ˈɡ̊uːlʊɹ] | |
gulir (yellow pl.) | [ˈɡ̊uːləɹ] | [ˈɡ̊uːləɹ] | [ˈɡ̊uːløɹ] | [ˈɡ̊uːlɪɹ] | |
bygdin (the town) | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊d̥ɪn] | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊d̥ən] | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊d̥øn] | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊d̥ɪn] | |
bygdum (towns dat. pl.) | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊d̥ʊn] | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊d̥ən] | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊d̥øn] | [ˈb̥ɪɡ̊dʊn] | |
Source: Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar, 2004 (page 350) |
In some dialects, unstressed /ʊ/ is realized as [ø] or is reduced further to [ə]. /ɪ/ goes under a similar reduction pattern so unstressed /ʊ/ and /ɪ/ can rhyme. This can cause spelling mistakes related to these two vowels. The table to the right displays the different realizations in different dialects.
Faroese avoids having a hiatus between two vowels by inserting a glide. Orthographically, this is shown in three ways:
Typically, the first vowel is long and in words with two syllables always stressed, while the second vowel is short and unstressed. In Faroese, short and unstressed vowels can only be /a/, /i/, /u/.
Glide insertion | |||||
First vowel | Second vowel | Examples | |||
i [ɪ] | u [ʊ] | a [a] | |||
Grapheme | Phoneme | Glide | |||
I-surrounding Type 1 | |||||
i, y | [iː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | sigið, siður, siga |
í, ý | [ʊiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | mígi, mígur, míga |
ey | [ɛiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | reyði, reyður, reyða |
ei | [aiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | reiði, reiður, reiða |
oy | [ɔiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | noyði, royður, royða |
U-surrounding Type 2 | |||||
u | [uː] | [w] | [w] | [w] | suði, mugu, suða |
ó | [ɔuː] | [w] | [w] | [w] | róði, róðu, Nóa |
ú | [ʉuː] | [w] | [w] | [w] | búði, búðu, túa |
I-surrounding Type 2, U-surrounding Type 2, A-surrounding Type 1 | |||||
a, æ | [ɛaː] | [j] | [v] | – | ræði, æðu, glaða |
á | [ɔaː] | [j] | [v] | – | ráði, fáur, ráða |
e | [eː] | [j] | [v] | – | gleði, legu, gleða |
o | [oː] | [j] | [v] | – | togið, smogu, roða |
ø | [øː] | [j] | [v] | – | løgin, røðu, høgan |
Source: Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar, 2004 (page 38) |
<Ð> and <G> are used in Faroese orthography to indicate one of a number of glides rather than any one phoneme. This can be:
Skerping | ||
Written | Pronunciation | instead of |
-ógv- | [ɛɡv] | *[ɔuɡv] |
-úgv- | [ɪɡv] | *[ʉuɡv] |
-eyggj- | [ɛdʒː] | *[ɛidʒː] |
-íggj-, -ýggj- | [ʊdʒː] | *[ʊidʒː] |
-eiggj- | [adʒː] | *[aidʒː] |
-oyggj- | [ɔdʒː] | *[ɔidʒː] |
The so-called "skerping" (Thráinsson et al. use the term "Faroese Verschärfung" – in Faroese, skerping /ʃɛɹpɪŋɡ/ means "sharpening") is a typical phenomenon of fronting back vowels before [ɡv] and monophthongizing certain diphthongs before [dʒː]. Skerping is not indicated orthographically. These consonants occur often after /ó, ú/ (ógv, úgv) and /ey, í, ý, ei, oy/ when no other consonant is following.
Labial | Apical | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
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Plosive | pʰ, p | tʰ, t | kʰ, k | |||
Affricate | tʃʰ, tʃ | |||||
Fricative | f v | s | ʃ | h | ||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Approximant | w | l | ɹ | j |
There are several phonological processes involved in Faroese, including:
Faroese tends to omit the first or second consonant in clusters of different consonants:
Faroese | English | Icelandic | Danish | Dutch |
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Vælkomin | Welcome | Velkomin | Velkommen | Welkom |
Farvæl | Farewell | Farðu heill | Farvel | Vaarwel |
Hvat eitur/heitir tú? | What's your name? | Hvað heitir þú? | Hvad hedder du? | Hoe heet je? |
Hvussu gongur? | How are you? | Hvernig gengur? | Hvordan går det? | Hoe gaat het met je? |
Hvussu gamal ert tú? | How old are you? | Hversu gamall ertu? | Hvor gammel er du? | Hoe oud ben je? |
Reytt/Reyður | Red | Rauður | Rødt/Rød | Rood |
Blátt/bláur | Blue | Blár | Blåt/Blå | Blauw |
Hvítt/hvítur | White | Hvítur | Hvidt/Hvid | Wit |
Faroese grammar is related and very similar to that of modern Icelandic and Old Norse. Faroese is an inflected language with three grammatical genders and four cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive.
Number | Faroese |
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0 | null |
1 | eitt |
2 | tvey |
3 | trý |
4 | fýra |
5 | fimm |
6 | seks |
7 | sjey |
8 | átta |
9 | níggju |
10 | tíggju |
11 | ellivu |
12 | tólv |
13 | trettan |
14 | fjúrtan |
15 | fimtan |
16 | sekstan |
17 | seytjan |
18 | átjan |
19 | nítjan |
20 | tjúgu |
21 | einogtjúgu |
22 | tveyogtjúgu |
30 | tredivu, tríati |
40 | fjøruti, fýrati |
50 | hálvtrýss, fimmti |
60 | trýss, seksti |
70 | hálvfjerðs, sjeyti |
80 | fýrs, áttati |
90 | hálvfems, níti |
100 | hundrað |
1000 | (eitt) túsund |
This is a chronological list of books about Faroese still available.
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