Placeholder name

Placeholder names are words that can refer to objects or people whose names are either temporarily forgotten, irrelevant, or unknown in the context in which they are being discussed. "Whatchamacallit" is an example.

Contents

Linguistic role

These placeholders typically function grammatically as nouns and can be used for people (e.g., John Doe, Jane Doe), objects (e.g., widget) or places (e.g., Timbuktu). They share a property with pronouns, because their referents must be supplied by context; but, unlike a pronoun, they may be used with no referent—the important part of the communication is not the thing nominally referred to by the placeholder, but the context in which the placeholder occurs.

Stuart Berg Flexner and Harold Wentworth's Dictionary of American Slang (1960) uses the term "kadigan" to describe placeholder words. They define "kadigan" as a synonym for thingamajig. The term may have originated with Willard R. Espy, though others, such as David Annis, also used it (or cadigans) in their writing. Its etymology is obscure—Flexner and Wentworth related it to the generic word gin for engine (as in the cotton gin). It may also relate to the Irish surname Cadigan. Hypernyms (words describing generic categories; e.g., "flower" for tulips and roses) may also be used in this function of a placeholder, but they are not considered to be kadigans.

Placeholder names in English

These words exist in a highly informal register of the English language. In formal speech and writing, words like accessory, paraphernalia, artifact, instrument, or utensil are preferred; these words serve substantially the same function, but differ in connotation.

Most of these words can be documented in at least the nineteenth century. Edgar Allan Poe wrote a short story entitled "The Literary Life of Thingum Bob, Esq"., showing that particular form to be in familiar use in the United States in the 1840s. In Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado, W. S. Gilbert makes the Lord High Executioner sing of a "little list" which includes:

... apologetic statesmen of a compromising kind, Such as: What d'ye call him: Thing'em-bob, and likewise: Never-mind, and 'St: 'st: 'st: and What's-his-name, and also You-know-who: The task of filling up the blanks I'd rather leave to you.

Some fields have their own specific placeholder terminology. For example, "widget" in economics or "Blackacre" in law.

Computing-specific

Placeholder names are used commonly in computing:

Legal

People

Placeholder expressions can refer to people as well. Among words or phrases used in English to refer to people of unknown or irrelevant name are:

Certain fixed expressions are used as placeholder names in a number of specialized contexts. People sometimes speak of Old So-and-so or What's-'is-name or What's-'is-face (cruder) or Miss Thing (popular in the Southern US states, where it refers to a female who thinks herself better than other people, and often pronounced Miss Thang). Tommy Atkins is a mythical Briton who filled out all his forms correctly, and as such lent his name to British soldiers generally; his Canadian counterpart is "Corporal (or some other rank) Bloggins". John Smith, often from "Anytown, U.S.A". and John Q. Public are also used as placeholder names, for unnamed citizens and similarly in Britain, one might refer to Joe Bloggs. "Joe Random" or "Joe Average" are also referred to, sometimes more specifically as "Joe Average Voter" or "Joe Random Customer". In Australia, the name John Citizen is used in a similar capacity on samples of forms or cards. In America, Joe or Jane Sixpack refers to the perceived average middle or working class person. In theatre, television and motion pictures, the great actors Walter Plinge, David Agnew, and George Spelvin are pseudonyms used for cast members who prefer to go unnamed. The name Alan Smithee is similarly used by film directors who wish to remain pseudonymous (often because their film did not turn out well). Conversely, placeholders can be used to conceal identity, as seen in the above Gilbert and Sullivan lyrics. The Newfoundland entertainer "Buddy Whasisname" derives his stage name from a common local usage (combining two terms) describing an unknown male.

Movies and theatre also give rise to another specific type of placeholder, the MacGuffin. This is any object or person used to drive a plot or as the goal of a quest, but which otherwise has no relevance to the action, and thus could be replaced in the script with another similar item with no loss of sense. A foozle is a generic enemy or group of enemies that must be defeated for the plot to move on in a game. Scriptwriters for science fiction productions such as 'Star Trek' often use the word "TECH" as a placeholder which the show's technical adviser can later replace with some plausible-sounding detail (e.g., a type of radiation or particles).

Cryptographers conventionally use a fixed cast of characters when describing their systems in general terms. For example, the quintessential cryptographic system has Alice wanting to send a message to Bob without Eve being able to eavesdrop on them. These names are even used in formal, peer-reviewed papers in the field, see Alice and Bob.

Forms of address

Some placeholders are used in second-person to address another, usually—but not always—because the second party's name is unknown.

Sir or Madam/Ma'am. In English-speaking society, the most universally accepted forms of address to another person, known or unknown, and regardless of station, are "Sir" (to men) and "Madam", sometimes shortened to "Ma'am", (to women). "Sir" and "Madam/Ma'am", for example, are considered acceptable forms of address for most of the world's heads of state, including royalty.

Friend. "Friend", or other synonyms of amity, may be used in its literal sense, but is often used ironically to indicate displeasure or hostility. May also be used between strangers in a non-ironic manner. Used especially among Quakers, the Society of Friends.

Hon. "Hon" is often used in the United States to address a stranger whose name is unknown, except when all parties are male. Usage of "Hon" is most prolific in the south. In fact, the transcontinental interstate East-West highway I-70 is frequently referred to by North-South travelers as "The Hon Line", meaning that South of I-70 one can expect to be referred to by strangers as "Hon", particularly by store clerks and nearly universally by waitresses (i.e. "What can I get for ya, Hon?" "Hon, have you decided whatcha want?") Particularly for travelers from farther north, this familiarity is sometimes received as condescending, sexist, and/or off-putting, but that is almost never its intention. The usage of "Hon" in the south U.S., between men and women or between women and anyone should not be mistaken as flirtation, sexist, of diminutive. Sometimes, when new visitors to the South are visibly taken aback, someone nearby may interject, "Best get used to it, 'cus y'all done crossed the Hon Line ways back." which comment may also be off-putting to Northerners who are not used to talking to strangers or having strangers talk to them out of a narrow course of normal business and never so informally. Such communication in the north, being spoken to by strangers using familiar placeholders for their unknown names, results in the user being seen as deranged, intoxicated, and/or vagrant; however, more latitude is generally given in the north if the stranger using this familiar placeholder speaks with a southern accent. This latitude in the north should not be construed as acceptance but tolerance, as there is a tendency for the northern objects of this placeholder to imbue users with an impression that they are vulgar or uneducated, whether true or not. Although "Hon" is the most prevalent placeholder used for stranger's name, "Darlin'" is a common and equal substitute. Again, aside from communications between men, it is fully socially acceptably used between all men, women, and children, and between women and men its usage should not be automatically inferred as flirtation or sexism, because most generally that is not what is implied.

Terms of endearment. Words such as "honey" or "sweetie" are generally perceived as affectionate between friends, family or intimates. Outside this group, or in more formal or professional settings, the use of these words becomes more problematic. Their use by a person to a member of the opposite sex may be seen as forward or presumptuous, or even patronizing and demeaning (especially when used by a man to a woman). When used by a woman to address another woman, the sense may be friendly or hostile (see Friend, above); when used by a man to another man, it is generally perceived to have homosexual overtones (i.e., suggesting that either the speaker or the addressee—or both—is homosexual).

Second-person placeholder names include:

Places

In some forms of English, placeholder names exist to represent locations, particularly the stereotypical backward, insignificant or isolated town in the middle of nowhere. These include:

Other place names include:

Common components of placeholders for places are -town, -ville, -hampton (in the United Kingdom), -vale, Big-, Mid-, Middle-, Little-, Small-, Bally- (in Ireland), and Any-. The National Health Service of the UK, as well as the Department for Transport, use a large variety of placeholders as examples, including:

Numbers

Dates and times

Religion

Living things

Objects

Astronomy and science fiction

Spoken language

Placeholder names in other languages

See also

Notes

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  2. ^ "Definition of "mopery" at The Free Dictionary". Encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com. 1988-06-05. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/mopery. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  3. ^ Ginga Ninja (2004-06-17). "John Q Law". Urban Dictionary. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=John+Q+Law. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  4. ^ "people". Pittsburghese. http://www.pittsburghese.com/glossary.ep.html?type=people. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  5. ^ "Letters, Mar. 7, 1938". Time. 1938-03-07. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759173,00.html. 
  6. ^ Brackbill, Hervey (1928-08). "Midshipman Jargon". American Speech, Vol. 3, No. 6. http://www.jstor.org/stable/451579?seq=1. Retrieved 2010-06-23. 
  7. ^ "Emmet and grockle". World Wide Words. http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-emm1.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  8. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 1933: Emmet
  9. ^ Waterman, Shaun (2005-10-24). "Military interpreter 'used false identity'". UPI Security & Terrorism. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9728658_ITM. Retrieved 2008-01-19. 
  10. ^ Makeig, John (1991-12-28). "Mute suspect nabbed, but identity still at large". Houston Chronicle: p. 29. 
  11. ^ Nash, Bruce M.; et al. (2001). The New Lawyer's Wit and Wisdom. Running Press. p. 199. ISBN 0762410639. http://books.google.com/books?id=mQAKrt8kL7cC&pg=PA199&dq=%22fnu+lnu%22&sig=h1hsHtJ0vP4iXmKnxQzzcrHk0Wg. Retrieved 2008-01-19. 
  12. ^ "Jack the Ripper suspects". Wapedia.mobi. 1929-09-17. http://wapedia.mobi/en/Jack_the_Ripper_suspects?t=3. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  13. ^ "Etymonline.com". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=amigo. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  14. ^ "Infoplease.com". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0330371.html. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  15. ^ "Infoplease.com". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/babe. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  16. ^ "MSN.com". MSN.com. Encarta.msn.com. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861592930. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  17. ^ "Ultralingua.com". Ultralingua.com. 2006-03-26. http://www.ultralingua.com/onlinedictionary/?service=ee&text=brother. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  18. ^ a b "Cambridge.org". Dictionary.cambridge.org. http://www.dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=9888&dict=CALD. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  19. ^ "Infoplease.com". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/brother. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  20. ^ a b "Etymonline.org". Etymonline.org. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=brother. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  21. ^ "Cambridge.org". Dictionary.cambridge.org. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=9888&dict=CALD. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  22. ^ Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web: Patrimoine de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador (English), (French)
  23. ^ Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web: Patrimoine de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador (English), (French)
  24. ^ Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web: Patrimoine de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador (English), (French)
  25. ^ "Infoplease.com". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/mac. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  26. ^ Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web: Patrimoine de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador (English), (French)
  27. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online". M-w.com. 2010-08-13. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=man. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 
  28. ^ Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web: Patrimoine de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador (English), (French)
  29. ^ Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web: Patrimoine de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador (English), (French)
  30. ^ Dougie Hoots-McLafferty. "Community-Council.org.uk". 57.112385007934;-3.34327697753906: Community-Council.org.uk. http://www.community-council.org.uk/Glenboggin/. Retrieved 2011-06-13. 

References

  • Espy, W., An Almanac of Words at Play (Clarkson Potter, 1979) ISBN 0-517-52090-7
  • Flexner, S. B. and Wentworth, H., A Dictionary of American Slang; (Macmillan, 1960) ASIN B000LV7HQS ISBN 9998065100
  • Watson, Ian, "Meet John Doe: stand-ins", section 3.7 in IanWatson.org, Cognitive Design, (Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University, 2005).