CD20
B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is an activated-glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all B-cells beginning at the pro-B phase (CD45R+, CD117+) and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity.[1]
In humans CD20 is encoded by the MS4A1 gene.[2][3]
This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. This gene encodes a B-lymphocyte surface molecule that plays a role in the development and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. This family member is localized to 11q12, among a cluster of family members. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein.[3]
Function
The protein has no known natural ligand[4] and its function is to enable optimal B-cell immune response, specifically against T-independent antigens.[5] It is suspected that it acts as a calcium channel in the cell membrane.
Expression
CD20 is expressed on all stages of B cell development except the first and last; it is present from late pro-B cells through memory cells, but not on either early pro-B cells or plasma blasts and plasma cells[6].[7] It is found on B-cell lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and melanoma cancer stem cells.[8]
Immunohistochemistry can be used to determine the presence of CD20 on cells in histological tissue sections. Because CD20 remains present on the cells of most B-cell neoplasms, and is absent on otherwise similar appearing T-cell neoplasms, it can be very useful in diagnosing conditions such as B-cell lymphomas and leukaemias. However, the presence or absence of CD20 in such tumours is not relevant to prognosis, with the progression of the disease being much the same in either case. CD20 positive cells are also sometimes found in cases of Hodgkins disease, myeloma, and thymoma.[9]
Antibody FMC7 appears to recognise a conformational variant of CD20[10] [11] also known as the FMC7 antigen.[12]
Clinical significance
CD20 is the target of the monoclonal antibodies (mAb) rituximab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, and tositumomab, which are all active agents in the treatment of all B cell lymphomas and leukemias.
The anti-CD20 mAB Ofatumumab (Genmab) was approved by FDA in Oct 2009 for Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Additional anti-CD20 antibody therapeutics under development (phase II or III clinical trials in 2008) include :
B cells, CD20, and diabetes mellitus
A link between the immune system's B cells and diabetes mellitus has been determined.[15] In cases of obesity, the presence of fatty tissues surrounding the body's major organ systems results in cell necrosis and insulin desensitivity along the boundary between them. Eventually, the contents of fat cells that would otherwise have been digested by insulin are shed into the bloodstream. An inflammation response that mobilizes both T and B cells results in the creation of antibodies against these cells, causing them to become less responsive to insulin by an as-yet unknown mechanism and promoting hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and arteriosclerosis, hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome. Obese mice administered anti-B cell CD-20 antibodies, however, did not become less responsive to insulin and as a result did not develop diabetes mellitus or the metabolic syndrome, the posited mechanism being that anti-CD20 antibodies rendered the T cell antibodies dysfunctional and therefore powerless to cause insulin desensitivity by a B cell antibody-modulated autoimmune response. The protection afforded by anti-CD-20 lasted approximately forty days--the time it takes the body to replenish its supply of B cells--after which repetition was necessary to restore it. Hence it has been argued that obesity be reclassify as an autoimmune disease rather than a purely metabolic one and focus treatment for it on immune system modulation.[15]
References
- ^ Hardy, Richard (2008). "Chapter 7: B Lymphocyte Development and Biology". In Paul, William (Book). Fundamental Immunology (6th ed.). Philidelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 237–269. ISBN 0-7817-6519-6.
- ^ Tedder TF, Streuli M, Schlossman SF, Saito H (Mar 1988). "Isolation and structure of a cDNA encoding the B1 (CD20) cell-surface antigen of human B lymphocytes". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 (1): 208–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.1.208. PMC 279513. PMID 2448768. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=279513.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: MS4A1 membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 1". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=931.
- ^ Cragg MS, Walshe CA, Ivanov AO, Glennie MJ (2005). "The biology of CD20 and its potential as a target for mAb therapy". Curr. Dir. Autoimmun.. Current Directions in Autoimmunity 8: 140–74. doi:10.1159/000082102. ISBN 3-8055-7851-2. PMID 15564720. http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000082102&typ=pdf.
- ^ Journal of Clinical Investigation | Volume 120|Issue 1| pages=| 04 Jan 2010| http://www.jci.org/articles/view/40231?key=YsPY1tn296hkLJ0ksns0
- ^ Janeway's Immunobiology 7th Edition
- ^ Bona, Constantin; Francisco A. Bonilla (1996). "5". Textbook of Immunology. Martin Soohoo (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 102. ISBN 9783718605965.
- ^ Fang D, Nguyen TK, Leishear K, et al. (2005). "A tumorigenic subpopulation with stem cell properties in melanomas". Cancer Res. 65 (20): 9328–37. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1343. PMID 16230395.
- ^ Leong, Anthony S-Y; Cooper, Kumarason; Leong, F Joel W-M (2003). Manual of Diagnostic Cytology (2 ed.). Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd.. pp. 89–90. ISBN 1-84110-100-1.
- ^ Polyak MJ, Ayer LM, Szczepek AJ, Deans JP (2003). "A cholesterol-dependent CD20 epitope detected by the FMC7 antibody". Leukemia 17 (7): 1384–9. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2402978. PMID 12835728.
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309819 Monoclonal antibody FMC7 detects a conformational epitope on the CD20 molecule: evidence from phenotyping after rituxan therapy and transfectant cell analyses. 2001
- ^ http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/4/2492 FMC7 is an epitope of CD20. 2008
- ^ http://www.news-medical.net/news/20100615/Trubion-announces-Pfizers-decision-to-discontinue-development-of-TRU-015-for-RA.aspx
- ^ Note: information included in this article only found in table present in print version of article. K. John Morrow Jr (2008-06-15). "Methods for Maximizing Antibody Yields". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.): p. 36. http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=2514. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ a b Winer DA, Winer S, Shen L, Wadia PP, Yantha J, Paltser G, Tsui H, Wu P, Davidson MG, Alonso MN, Leong HX, Glassford A, Caimol M, Kenkel JA, Tedder TF, McLaughlin T, Miklos DB, Dosch HM, Engleman EG (April 2011). "B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies". Nat Med 17 (5): 610–7. doi:10.1038/nm.2353. PMID 21499269. Lay summary – Stanford School of Medicine.
Further reading
- Macardle PJ, Nicholson IC (2003). "CD20". J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 16 (2): 136–8. PMID 12144126.
- Tamayose K, Sato N, Ando J, et al. (2002). "CD3-negative, CD20-positive T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: case report and review of the literature". Am. J. Hematol. 71 (4): 331–5. doi:10.1002/ajh.10224. PMID 12447967.
- Küster H, Zhang L, Brini AT, et al. (1992). "The gene and cDNA for the human high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor beta chain and expression of the complete human receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (18): 12782–7. PMID 1535625.
- Einfeld DA, Brown JP, Valentine MA, et al. (1988). "Molecular cloning of the human B cell CD20 receptor predicts a hydrophobic protein with multiple transmembrane domains". EMBO J. 7 (3): 711–7. PMC 454379. PMID 2456210. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=454379.
- Tedder TF, Disteche CM, Louie E, et al. (1989). "The gene that encodes the human CD20 (B1) differentiation antigen is located on chromosome 11 near the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation site". J. Immunol. 142 (7): 2555–9. PMID 2466898.
- Tedder TF, Klejman G, Schlossman SF, Saito H (1989). "Structure of the gene encoding the human B lymphocyte differentiation antigen CD20 (B1)". J. Immunol. 142 (7): 2560–8. PMID 2466899.
- Loken MR, Shah VO, Dattilio KL, Civin CI (1987). "Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow. II. Normal B lymphocyte development". Blood 70 (5): 1316–24. PMID 3117132.
- Stamenkovic I, Seed B (1988). "Analysis of two cDNA clones encoding the B lymphocyte antigen CD20 (B1, Bp35), a type III integral membrane protein". J. Exp. Med. 167 (6): 1975–80. doi:10.1084/jem.167.6.1975. PMC 2189672. PMID 3260267. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2189672.
- Bofill M, Janossy G, Janossa M, et al. (1985). "Human B cell development. II. Subpopulations in the human fetus". J. Immunol. 134 (3): 1531–8. PMID 3871452.
- Deans JP, Kalt L, Ledbetter JA, et al. (1995). "Association of 75/80-kDa phosphoproteins and the tyrosine kinases Lyn, Fyn, and Lck with the B cell molecule CD20. Evidence against involvement of the cytoplasmic regions of CD20". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (38): 22632–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.38.22632. PMID 7545683.
- Valentine MA, Licciardi KA, Clark EA, et al. (1993). "Insulin regulates serine/threonine phosphorylation in activated human B lymphocytes". J. Immunol. 150 (1): 96–105. PMID 7678037.
- Bubien JK, Zhou LJ, Bell PD, et al. (1993). "Transfection of the CD20 cell surface molecule into ectopic cell types generates a Ca2+ conductance found constitutively in B lymphocytes". J. Cell Biol. 121 (5): 1121–32. doi:10.1083/jcb.121.5.1121. PMC 2119683. PMID 7684739. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2119683.
- Shirakawa T, Li A, Dubowitz M, et al. (1994). "Association between atopy and variants of the beta subunit of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor". Nat. Genet. 7 (2): 125–9. doi:10.1038/ng0694-125. PMID 7920628.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
- Szepetowski P, Perucca-Lostanlen D, Gaudray P (1993). "Mapping genes according to their amplification status in tumor cells: contribution to the map of 11q13". Genomics 16 (3): 745–50. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1257. PMID 8325649.
- Algino KM, Thomason RW, King DE, et al. (1996). "CD20 (pan-B cell antigen) expression on bone marrow-derived T cells". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 106 (1): 78–81. PMID 8701937.
- Szöllósi J, Horejsí V, Bene L, et al. (1996). "Supramolecular complexes of MHC class I, MHC class II, CD20, and tetraspan molecules (CD53, CD81, and CD82) at the surface of a B cell line JY". J. Immunol. 157 (7): 2939–46. PMID 8816400.
- Kanzaki M, Lindorfer MA, Garrison JC, Kojima I (1997). "Activation of the calcium-permeable cation channel CD20 by alpha subunits of the Gi protein". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (23): 14733–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.23.14733. PMID 9169438.
- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
External links
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CD1 ( a-c, 1A, 1D, 1E) · CD2 · CD3 ( γ, δ, ε) · CD4 · CD5 · CD6 · CD7 · CD8 ( a) · CD9 · CD10 · CD11 ( a, b, c) · CD13 · CD14 · CD15 · CD16 ( A, B) · CD18 · CD19 · CD20 · CD21 · CD22 · CD23 · CD24 · CD25 · CD26 · CD27 · CD28 · CD29 · CD30 · CD31 · CD32 ( A, B) · CD33 · CD34 · CD35 · CD36 · CD37 · CD38 · CD39 · CD40 · CD41 · CD42 ( a, b, c, d) · CD43 · CD44 · CD45 · CD46 · CD47 · CD48 · CD49 ( a, b, c, d, e, f) · CD50
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CD51 · CD52 · CD53 · CD54 · CD55 · CD56 · CD57 · CD58 · CD59 · CD61 · CD62 ( E, L, P) · CD63 · CD64 ( A, B, C) · CD66 ( a, b, c, d, e, f) · CD68 · CD69 · CD70 · CD71 · CD72 · CD73 · CD74 · CD78 · CD79 ( a, b) · CD80 · CD81 · CD82 · CD83 · CD84 · CD85 ( a, d, e, h, j, k) · CD86 · CD87 · CD88 · CD89 · CD90 · CD91- CD92 · CD93 · CD94 · CD95 · CD96 · CD97 · CD98 · CD99 · CD100
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CD151 · CD152 · CD153 · CD154 · CD155 · CD156 ( a, b, c) · CD157 · CD158 ( a, d, e, i, k) · CD159 ( a, c) · CD160 · CD161 · CD162 · CD163 · CD164 · CD166 · CD167 ( a, b) · CD168 · CD169 · CD170 · CD171 · CD172 ( a, b, g) · CD174 · CD177 · CD178 · CD179 ( a, b) · CD181 · CD182 · CD183 · CD184 · CD185 · CD186 · CD191 · CD192 · CD193 · CD194 · CD195 · CD196 · CD197 · CDw198 · CDw199 · CD200
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