Félix Berenguer de Marquina

Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1736, Alicante, Spain—October 10, 1826, Alicante) was a Spanish naval officer, colonial official and, from April 30, 1800 to January 4, 1803, viceroy of New Spain.

Origins and early career

Berenguer de Marquina was born in Spain to a family of the minor nobility of Alicante in 1736. His parents being Ignacio Berenguer de Marquina y Pasqual de Riquelme and Mary FitzGerald, he belonged to one of the most influential families in Alicante through his father's side and to the ancient Irish House of FitzGerald through his mother's. He joined the navy at a very young age. On April 30, 1754 he took the midshipman examination. Thereafter he served on ships of war in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. He married María de Ansoátegui y Barrón in 1758, thus becoming, years later, the uncle of one of Venezuela's Libertadores, José Antonio Anzoátegui.

He was studious, and became a teacher of mathematics and astronomy in the Naval Academy at Cartagena (1757-69). In 1789 he was named director of the organization of pilots of the fleet.

From July 1, 1788 to September 1, 1793 he was governor of the Philippines. On August 15, 1789 by royal decree Manila became an open port to all but European products. He proposed plans for reform of the government.

Berenguer returned to Spain in 1795 to take up a position in the administration of the navy. In 1799 he was promoted to lieutenant general of the navy.

As viceroy of New Spain

He was in command of a squadron in the Spanish navy when, on November 8, 1799, King Charles IV named him viceroy and captain general of New Spain and president of the Audiencia. During the voyage from Cuba to Veracruz, he was taken prisoner by the British near Cape Catoche, Yucatán Peninsula (Quintana Roo). He was conducted to Jamaica. He was treated with much courtesy and later allowed to continue on his way in the schooner Kingston, with his secretary.

He accepted the transfer of authority into his offices April 29, 1800, in the Villa de Guadalupe, and made his formal entry into Mexico City the following day.

In this period. the British dominated both coasts of New Spain. They smuggled huge amounts of merchandise into the colony from the United States and the islands of the Caribbean and captured the Spanish ships in the coastal trade. Berenguer supplied more resources to Spanish naval forces, but they were unable to do much to improve the situation. He also formed the Regiment of Grenadiers, consisting of twelve companies drawn from six provincial forces. Fearing British raids, he reinforced the garrisons at Veracruz and ordered that the valuables of the port be moved to Jalapa and guarded. He also reinforced the presidios in the north, to repulse American encroachment.

On October 1, 1800, Spain retroceded the territory of Louisiana to France, which soon sold it to the United States.

Conspiracies and Indian rebellions

On January 1, 1801, Indio Mariano began an insurrection in the mountains of Tepic. Mariano, who had many followers, was trying to reestablish the Aztec empire. The rebels fought under a banner displaing the colors of the Virgin of Guadalupe. When Fernando Abascal, president of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, took notice of the rebellion, he sent Captain Salvador Hidalgo (or Fidalgo) of the navy and Captain Leonardo Pintado of the militia against them. The rebels were defeated. Many prisoners were taken, and many other Indians were forced up into the mountains, but Mariano escaped. He was never captured by the Spanish. His followers who were taken prisoner were transferred to Guadalajara, but most were soon released.

Also, in January 1801, Francisco Antonio Vázquez, a naval official, was denounced for conspiracy, but nothing could be proven.

In Teocelo, Veracruz, Pedro Martín led another Indian rebellion. There were also attempted rebellions by the indigenous in Nayarit, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Sonora.

Suppression of Philip Nolan

Berenguer suppressed the American smugglers under Philip Nolan in the north of the colony. Nolan was born about 1771, probably in Kentucky. He was a close associate of U.S. general and adventurer James Wilkinson, a co-conspirator of Aaron Burr. Beginning after 1791, Nolan began trading/smuggling activities in New Spain. He also imported wild horses from Texas into the United States. He was regarded by the Spaniards as a spy and a rebel. They sent troops to arrest him in 1801. He was killed in battle near the present city of Waco, Texas. His band was taken captive and sent to work the mines in northern New Spain. Nolan County, Texas is named for him. Edward Everett Hale used his name for the protagonist in his story "The Man Without a Country".

Other Life as Philippine Governor-General

He served as the Philippine Governor-General from 1788-1793. While in Old Binondo, Manila, he had a relationship with a Chinese mestiza named Demetria Lindo Sumulong whose parents were Fortunato Sumulong, a Philippine ethnic farmer of Antipolo and Ma. Andrea Lindo whose Chinese name was Xiaoli (meaning morning jasmine) whose ancestors were from southern Fujian, China. Xiaoli was given Ma. Andrea as her Roman Catholic name during her Roman Catholic Rite baptism in Old Binondo, Manila where her pure and affluent Chinese parents settled and owned a clothing and food business in old Binondo, Manila, Philippines as well. The parents of Xiaoli were Meili who was baptized as Ma. Sofia Lindo and Gui Li who was baptized as Honorato Lindo in the Roman Catholic Church in Manila. Honorato and Ma. Sofia were baptized when they were already adult. They took the surname Lindo which means pretty and attractive in Spain and Portugal. In the surname Lindo, Li, their Chinese origin was also included.

Berenguer and Demetria had a daughter named Ysabel, born 19 November 1790 in Cagsawa, Albay, Philippines who married Don Santiago Sauza of Tequila, Jalisco, Mexico and the 22nd gobernadorcillo of Marikina, Philippines. They were the grand ancestors of the Sauza clan in the Philippines.

Later administration in New Spain

Berenguer extended to the entire colony the requirement that no one be admitted into meetings of the guilds or confraternities without being decently dressed. He permitted women to work in jobs consistent with decency, even if the ordinances prohibited it.

On October 5, 1801, an earthquake in Oaxaca destroyed the new church of the Jesuit convent of La Concepción.

In June 1801, Spain made peace with Portugal, and in 1802 with Britain. (The news of peace with Britain was published in Mexico on September 9, 1802). Thanks to the peace, prices of European goods dropped. In 1802, the payment of tribute to Spain was renewed.

Berenguer was persevering, honorable and valiant, but with little ability to govern. His public works in Mexico City were very limited — one fountain that never gave water, and the completion of Manuel Tolsá's equestrian statute of Charles IV.

Berenguer, disgusted with the disallowance of some of his measures, resigned. He turned over the government to his successor, José de Iturrigaray in January 1803. He returned to Spain, where he took part in the war with France. He died in the city of his birth in 1826.

References

• (Spanish) "Berenguer de Marquina, Félix," Enciclopedia de México, v. 2. Mexico City: 1996, ISBN 1-56409-016-7.
• (Spanish) García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes,, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984.
• (Spanish) Orozco L., Fernando, Fechas históricas de México. Mexico City: Panorama, 1988, ISBN 968-38-0046-7.
• (Spanish) Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, ISBN 968-38-0260-5.

External links

• (Spanish) Short biography
• List of governors of the Philippines
• The Sauza Clan in the Philippines