Ergoline

Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structural skeleton is contained in a diverse range of alkaloids including a few psychedelic drugs (e.g. lysergic acid and LSD). Ergoline derivatives are used clinically for the purpose of vasoconstriction (5-HT₁ receptor agonists—ergotamine) and in the treatment of migraines (used with caffeine) and Parkinson's disease. Some ergoline alkaloids found in ergot fungi are implicated in the condition ergotism, which causes convulsive and gangrenous symptoms.

Uses

In addition to the naturally occurring ergonovine (used as an oxytocic) and ergotamine (a vasoconstrictor used to control migraine), synthetic derivatives of importance are the oxytocic methergine, the anti-migraine drugs dihydroergotamine and methysergide, hydergine (a mixture of dihydroergotoxine mesylates, INN: ergoline mesylates), and bromocriptine, used for numerous purposes including treatment of Parkinson's disease. Newer synthetic ergolines used for Parkinson's disease include pergolide and lisuride.

Perhaps the most famous ergoline derivative is the psychedelic drug LSD. Ergometrine and ergotamine are included as table I precursors in the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.^[1]

Ergolines can pass into breast milk and should not be used during breastfeeding.^[2] They are uterine contractors that can increase the risk of miscarriage during pregnancy.^[3]

Natural occurrence

Ergoline alkaloids are found in lower fungi^[3] and two species of flowering plants: the Mexican species Rivea corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea of the Convolvulaceae (morning glory) family, the seeds of which were identified as the psychedelic plant drugs known as "ololiuhqui" and "tlitliltzin". The principal alkaloids in the seeds are ergine and its optical isomer isoergine, with several other lysergic acid derivatives and clavines present in lesser amounts. The Hawaiian species Argyreia nervosa includes similar alkaloids. It is possible, though not proven, that ergine or isoergine are responsible for the hallucinogenic effects. There may be a fungal origin of the ergoline alkaloids also in the Convolvulaceae. Like the ergot alkaloids in some monocot plants, the ergoline alkaloids found in the plant Ipomoea asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) are produced by a seed-transmitted epiphytic clavicipitaceous fungus.^[4]

Ergopeptines

Peptide ergot alkaloids are ergoline derivatives that contain a tripeptide moiety, comprising proline and α-hydroxy-α-amino acids, linked in a cyclol formation with the carboxyl carbon of proline.^[5]

History

Ergoline alkaloids were first isolated from ergot, a fungus that infects grain and causes the disease ergotism. Ergot also has a long history of medicinal use, which led to attempts to characterize its activity chemically. This began in 1907 with the isolation by G. Barger and F. H. Carrin of ergotoxine, so-named since it appeared to exhibit more of the toxicity of ergot than its therapeutic qualities. With the isolation of ergotamine in 1918 by A. Stoll came the first therapeutic use of isolated ergoline alkaloids.

With the determination of the basic chemical structure of the ergot alkaloids in the early 1930s, an era of intensive exploration of synthetic derivatives began.

Ergoline derivatives

There are 3 main classes of ergoline derivatives, the water-soluble amides of lysergic acid, the water-insoluble ergopeptines (i.e., ergopeptides), and the clavine group.^[3]

Lysergic acid amides

• Ergine (LSA, D-lysergic acid amide, LAA, LA-111)
  • IUPAC name: 9,10-didehydro-6-methylergoline-8beta-carboxamide
  • CAS number: 478-94-4
• Ergonovine (ergobasine)
  • INN: ergometrine
  • IUPAC name: (8beta(S))−9,10-didehydro-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)−6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide
  • CAS number: 60-79-7
• Methergine (ME-277)
  • INN: methylergometrine
  • IUPAC name: (8beta(S))−9,10-didehydro-N-(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)−6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide
  • CAS number: 113-42-8
• Methysergide (UML-491)
  • INN: methysergide
  • IUPAC name: (8beta)−9,10-didehydro-N-(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)−1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide
  • CAS number: 361-37-5
• LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD-25)
  • INN: lysergide
  • IUPAC name: (8beta)−9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide
  • CAS number: 50-37-3
• LSH (D-lysergic acid α-hydroxyethylamide)
  • IUPAC name: 9,10-didehydro-N-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylergoline-8-carboxamide
  • CAS number: 3343-15-5

The relationship between these compounds is summarized in the following structural formula and table of substitutions.

Peptide alkaloids

These compounds have a tripeptide structure attached to the basic ergoline ring, in the same location as the amide group of the lysergic acid derivatives. This tripeptide moiety contains an unusual cyclol bond >N-C(OH)< at the juncture between the two lactam rings. Some of the important ergopeptines (also known as ergopeptides) are summarized below. In addition to the following ergopeptines, a commonly encountered term is ergotoxine, which refers to a mixture of equal proportions of ergocristine, ergocornine and ergocryptine.

• Ergotamine
  • IUPAC name: Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)-, (5'-alpha)- (9CI)
  • CAS number: 113-15-5
• Ergocristine
  • IUPAC name: Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2'-(1-methylethyl)−5'-(phenylmethyl)-, (5'-alpha)-
  • CAS number: 511-08-0
• Ergocornine
  • IUPAC name: Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2',5'-bis(1-methylethyl)-, (5'-alpha)-
  • CAS number: 564-36-3
• Ergocryptine
  • IUPAC name:Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2'-(1-methylethyl)−5'-(2-methylpropyl)-, (5'alpha)- (9CI)
  • CAS number: 511-09-1
• Ergovaline
  • IUPAC name: Ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(1-methylethyl)-, (5'alpha)-
  • CAS number: 2873-38-3

Clavines

A variety of modifications to the basic ergoline are seen in nature, for example agroclavine, elymoclavine, lysergol. Those deriving from dimethylergoline are referred to as clavines.

Others

Some synthetic ergoline derivatives do not fall easily into any of the above groups. Some examples are:

• Pergolide (INN)
  • IUPAC name: (8beta)−8-((methylthio)methyl)−6-propyl-ergoline
  • CAS number: 66104-22-1
• Lisuride (INN)
  • IUPAC name: 3-(9,10-didehydro-6-methylergolin-8alpha-yl)−1,1-diethylurea
  • CAS number: 18016-80-3

See also

• Ergotism
• Ergot
• LSD
• Ergine
• Migraine
• Albert Hofmann

References

External links

• The Ergot Alkaloids (A. T. Sneden)
• The Ergot Alkaloids Story (Z. Madlom)
• The Psychoactive Ergot Alkaloids and their occurrence in the Microfungi — M. P. Bock and D. G. Parbery
• Hofmann, A. Teonanácatl and Ololiuqui, two ancient magic drugs of Mexico Bulletin on Narcotics 1971 1 3
• TiHKAL (A & A Shulgin) #26