Envy ratio in finance is the ratio of the price paid by investors to that paid by the management team for their respective shares of the equity. This metric is used when considering an opportunity for a management buyout. Managers are often allowed to invest at lower valuation to make their ownership possible and to create a personal financial incentive for them to approve the buyout and to work diligently towards the success of the investment. The envy ratio is somewhat similar to the concept of financial leverage, for managers can increase returns on their investments by using other investors's money.
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ER = (investment by investors / % of equity) / (investment by management / % of equity)[1]
If private equity investors paid $500M for 80% of a company's equity, and a management team paid $60M for 20%, then ER=(500/80)/(60/20)=2.08x. This means that investors paid for a share 2.08 times more than did the managers. The ratio demonstrates how generous institutional investors are to a management team—the higher the ratio is, the better is the deal for management.[2]
As a rule of thumb, management should be expected to invest anywhere from six months to one year’s gross salary to demonstrate commitment and have some "skin in the game".[3]
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