| Lü Zhi | |
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| Tenure | 202 BC – 195 BC (7 years) |
| Predecessor | None (new creation) |
| Successor | Empress Zhang Yan |
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| Tenure | 202 BC – 195 BC (7 years) |
| Successor | Empress Zhang Yan |
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| Regency | 188 BC – 180 BC (8 years) |
| Spouse | Emperor Gaozu of Han |
| Issue | |
| Princess Luyuan Liu Ying, Emperor Hui |
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| Full name | |
| Family name: Lü (呂 Lǚ) Given name: Zhi (雉 zhì) |
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| Father | Lü Wen |
| Born | 241 BC Shangfu County, Shandong, Qin |
| Died | 180 BC (aged 61) |
Empress Lü Zhi (呂雉) (died 180 BC), commonly known as Empress Dowager Lü (呂太后, pinyin: Lǚ Tàihòu) or formally as Empress Gao (高皇后, pinyin: Gaō Huánghoù), courtesy name Exu (娥姁), was the wife and empress of Emperor Gaozu of Han, founder of the Han Dynasty. They had two known children—the eventual Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan. After her husband's death, she carried on a lengthy affair with one of his officials, Shen Yiji (審食其), the Marquess of Piyang, which lasted until her death.
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Lü Zhi was born in Shangfu County in Shandong Province[1] during the late Qin Dynasty. Her father Lü Wen (呂文) had fled from an enemy to Pei County (沛縣) and become a friend of the county magistrate of Pei. Her eventual husband Liu Bang was a minor official (泗水亭長) there. Both Lü Gong and Liu Bang were guests in a banquet held by the magistrate of Pei County. Lü Wen was surprised at Liu Bang's appearance and behavior and predicted that he would eventually become a great man. This led to him offering his daughter, Lü Zhi, to Liu Bang in marriage, despite the fact that Liu was only a minor official. She bore Liu Bang a daughter, the later Princess Luyuan, and then, in 210 BC, bore him a son, Liu Ying.
When Chen Sheng rebelled against Qin rule in 209 BC, Liu joined the rebellion. For the next few years, Lü lived with Liu's father and rarely saw her husband.
During the last years of the Qin dynasty, Liu Bang played a major role in its downfall, but in doing so he offended Xiang Yu, who wanted the glory for himself.
In 207 BC, after the fall of Qin, Liu became the Prince of Han (modern Sichuan, Chongqing, and southern Shaanxi). However, Lü, her children, and her father-in-law did not go to the then-remote Principality of Han, but stayed in Liu's home county of Pei (in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu). This is either because of Han's remoteness or because they were prevented from doing so by Xiang, whose Principality of Western Chu included Pei.
Late in 207 BC, Liu would break out of the isolation that Han was in by attacking the three Qins—three principalities that Xiang had established to prevent Liu from receiving the territories of the former state of Qin. Qin had previously been promised to Liu, which started a four-year war known as the Chu Han Contention. Despite this, however, Xiang initially took no action against Lü or her father-in-law.
In 205 BC, while Xiang was occupied in a separate war against Qi, Liu took the opportunity to attack his capital Pengcheng, capturing it in the summer of 205 BC. Xiang quickly withdrew from the Qi campaign and staged a counter-attack that nearly annihilated Liu's forces and recaptured Pengcheng. In the aftermath, as Liu tried to retreat back to his territory, he went through Pei and tried to take his father, wife, and children with him. However, in the confusion, the family members became separated. Liu was able to take his children back to the safety of his own territory, while his father and his wife Lü were captured by Xiang's forces and held thereafter as hostages, along with Liu's official Shen Yiji, with whom she would later start a romantic relationship.
Near the end of the war, when there was a temporary truce between Liu and Xiang, Xiang transferred Liu Zhijia and Lü to Liu. Lü was then honored with the title Princess of Han. The truce, however, did not last long, as at Zhang Liang and Chen Ping's suggestion, Liu broke the truce and defeated Xiang in 203 BC. Soon thereafter, Liu claimed the title of Emperor of China. He established Princess Lü as his empress, and established their son, Ying, as crown prince.
Despite Emperor Gao's victory over Xiang, there would still be many unpacified areas of the empire for years, requiring the new emperor to engage in many campaigns thereafter. He put Empress Lü and Crown Prince Ying in charge of the capital Chang'an and key decisions in home territories, assisted by Xiao He and Zhang Liang. It was also during this time that Emperor Gao began to favour one of his younger concubines, Consort Qi, who bore him a son, Ruyi (劉如意), who was established as the Prince of Zhao in 199 BC, displacing Empress Lü's son-in-law (Princess Luyuan's husband) Zhang Ao (張敖). Consort Qi yearned to have her son displace his older half-brother Prince Ying as the heir to the throne, and would often beg Emperor Gao to make her son the crown prince, drawing resentment from Empress Lü.
During this period Empress Lü proved herself to be an able administrator of the home territories, and quickly built a strong working relationship with Emperor Gao's officials, who admired her for her capability and feared her for her ruthlessness. She would, indeed, be most known as an empress for her hand in the deaths of Han Xin and Peng Yue—whose military capabilities both she and her husband had been apprehensive of. In 196 BC, Emperor Gao travelled away from the capital, trying to suppress a rebellion by Chen Xi (陳豨), the Marquess of Yangxia. In this year it was alleged that Han, a friend of Chen's who by then had been demoted to a powerless marquess in Chang'an, had conspired to start a rebellion in the capital. Empress Lü, after consulting with Xiao He, had Xiao He summon Han for a meeting, at which Empress Lü's guards surprised Han, subsequently capturing and executing him and his clan.
Later that year, Peng Yue would suffer the same fate. Emperor Gao had summoned Peng Yue and his forces to join him in the campaign against Chen. Peng Yue, then the Prince of Liang, however, did not do so, claiming illness, and Emperor Gao, angrily sent a messenger to rebuke him. An official of Peng Yue's encouraged him to rebel, but Peng Yue refused to do so. Despite this, Emperor Gao sent troops to arrest Peng Yue and subsequently stripped of his titles. He then exiled Peng Yue to Qingyi (青衣} in modern Ya'an, Sichuan). On Peng Yue's journey to the southwest he encountered Empress Lü. He pleaded with her, claiming his innocence. Empress Lü agreed to intercede on his behalf, and they returned to Luoyang, where Emperor Gao was then, together. Peng Yue thought that Empress Lü was in fact going to beg Emperor Gao for his freedom. Instead, she told Emperor Gao that Peng Yue, being as capable as he was, would create a threat if exiled and Emperor Gao agreed; she then found an informant to falsely report that Peng Yue was about to start a new rebellion. Peng Yue was executed, as was his clan.
Empress Lü's own son, Crown Prince Ying, was in a precarious position, as Emperor Gao, unimpressed by his kind but weak character, continued to consider replacing him with Prince Ruyi. Since officials had a strong rapport with Empress Lü, they generally opposed the move, and Emperor Gao had to abandon it. After he died in 195 BC, Prince Ying succeeded him, acquiring the title Emperor Hui, Empress Lü became the empress dowager.
Empress Dowager Lü exerted even more influence during the reign of her son than she had as empress. Her first targets were Consort Qi and Prince Ruyi (who by then had gone to his principality of Zhao (state)Zhao, located in modern Hebei) province. She dressed Consort Qi in prisoner clothes and forced her to hard labor—milling rice. She also summoned Prince Ruyi to the capital, intending to kill them together. Prince Ruyi's prime minister Zhou Chang (周昌), whom Empress Dowager Lü respected because of his stern opposition to Emperor Gao's proposal to make Prince Ruyi crown prince, temporarily protected him by refusing to allow him to go to Chang'an. Empress Dowager Lü solved this problem by first inviting Zhou Chang to the capital then, once he left Zhao, summoning Prince Ruyi.
Emperor Hui tried to save Prince Ruyi's life. Before Prince Ruyi could get to the capital, Emperor Hui intercepted his half-brother at Bashang (霸上, in modern Xi'an) and received Prince Ruyi into his palace, and they dined together. Empress Dowager Lü wanted to kill Prince Ruyi, but was afraid that any attempt to do so might also harm her own son, and therefore she could not carry out her plans for several months.
Empress Dowager Lü got her chance in the winter of 195 BC. One morning, Emperor Hui was out hunting and wanted to take Prince Ruyi with him. The young prince was then only 12 years old and refused to get up from bed, and Emperor Hui left for the hunt on his own. Empress Dowager Lü heard this and immediately sent an assassin into the palace to force poisoned wine down the prince's throat. By the time that Emperor Hui returned, the young prince was dead. She then tortured Consort Qi most inhumanely— cutting her limbs off, blinding her, and deafening her. Consort Qi would eventually die from the continued torture. When Emperor Hui saw Consort Qi in a pig's bin blind and without limbs, he cried out loudly and became ill for about a year, complaining to his mother that he felt that he could no longer govern the empire, given that he, as the emperor, could not even protect the concubine and son so loved by his father. From that point on, Emperor Hui indulged himself with wine and women and no longer made key governing decisions, leaving them to his mother.
Emperor Hui would have to protect another sibling of his from Empress Dowager Lü. In winter of 194 BC, when Liu Fei, Prince of Qi—his older brother by Emperor Gao's mistress Consort Cao—made an official visit to the capital, they both attended a feast put on by Empress Dowager Lü. Emperor Hui, honoring the prince as an older brother, invited him to a seat at the table even more honored than his own. The Empress Dowager was greatly offended and instructed her servants to pour a cup of poisoned wine for Prince Fei and then toasted him. As Prince Fei was about to drink the poisoned wine, however, Emperor Hui, realising what was happening, grabbed the cup as if he would drink it himself. Empress Dowager Lü immediately jumped up and slapped at the cup, spilling it. Prince Fei was able to get out of the situation by offering an entire commandery from his principality to Lü's daughter, Princess Luyuan, to serve as her realm. Empress Dowager Lü accepted this peace offering and allowed Prince Fei to return to his principality.
She also starved to death another son of her husband's—Liu You, the Prince of Zhao—whom she felt had slighted his wife, the Princess of Zhao, who was a niece of hers.[2]
In 192 BC, Empress Dowager Lü (who at that point was involved in an affair with Shen) received a most unusual marriage proposal. The Xiongnu chanyu Modu sent her a letter stating the following, intending to intimidate and mock her:
Empress Dowager Lü was greatly offended, but could do nothing due to the Xiongnu's military strength. Instead, she sent a letter back describing herself humbly as old and ugly and offered a daughter of an imperial prince to Modu in marriage (as part of the heqin system) to promote peace.
In 191 BC, at Empress Dowager Lü's insistence, Emperor Hui married Princess Luyuan's daughter Zhang Yan—his niece—as empress. The marriage would be a childless one. It was alleged that Empress Dowager Lü told Empress Zhang to take eight boys from others and execute their mothers, and then adopt the children as her own. There is a dispute about whether these children were Emperor Hui's; traditional historians believed that they were not, while modern historians generally believe that they were his sons by his concubines.
In 188 BC, Emperor Hui died. One of the children that Empress Zhang had adopted, Liu Gong, became emperor (as Emperor Qianshao). However, now-Grand Empress Dowager Lü would be the one who actually and formally ruled over the empire, and traditional historians did not even consider Liu Gong a true emperor, often omitting him from the list of Han Dynasty emperors.
Emperor Gao had decreed that no non-imperial clan members could be made princes—a rule that Grand Empress Dowager Lü herself had a hand in creating. In spite of this, Grand Empress Dowager Lü tried to make her kin princes. This was opposed by the right prime minister Wang Ling (王陵) but accepted by the left prime minister Chen Ping and the commander in chief of the armed forces Zhou Bo (周勃). When Wang rebuked Chen and Zhou in private for going against Emperor Gao's rule, they rationalized that their compliance with the grand empress dowager was necessary to protect the empire and the Lius. Grand Empress Dowager Lü then promoted Wang to the honorary position of the emperor's teacher (太傅, taifu); Wang declined and claimed illness. Lü then removed him from the position and had him (as the Marquess of Anguo) returned to his march (in modern Baoding, Hebei) and promoted Chen to right prime minister ("right" being the more honored direction) and her lover Shen Yiji to left prime minister.
She then proceeded to establish her family as princes. Her first step in this was establishing her grandson, and Princess Luyuan's daughter, Zhang Yan (張偃—different intonation than his sister the empress), as the Prince of Lu. In the following years she established these family members as princes:
She also, in an unprecedented action, created her sister Lü Xu (呂須) the Marchioness of Lingguang, with a separate march from that of her husband Fan Kuai, in 184 BC.
Around 184 BC, Emperor Qianshao discovered that he was not in fact now-Empress Dowager Zhang's son and that his mother had been put to death. He made the mistake of remarking that when he grew up, Empress Dowager Zhang would pay for this. Grand Empress Dowager Lü, once she heard of this, had him secretly imprisoned within the palace and publicly announced that he was severely ill and unable to receive anyone. After some time, she told the officials that he continued to be ill and incapable of governing, and that he had also suffered a psychosis. She proposed that he be deposed and replaced. The officials complied with her wishes, and he was deposed and put to death. He was succeeded by his brother Liu Yi (劉義), whose name was then changed to Liu Hong (as Emperor Houshao).
In 180 BC, Grand Empress Dowager Lü was making sacrifices to the gods at Bashang. As she was returning to the capital after the sacrifices, she saw something that appeared to be a blue-haired dog attacking her armpit and then suddenly disappearing. A spirit medium, a Wu (巫), informed her that the object was Prince Ruyi's spirit. She became apprehensive and began to suffer pain in her armpit, which eventually became a major illness. She died later that year.
She was first buried with her husband, but Emperor Guangwu reversed that and Empress Dowager Bo was enshrined in Emperor Gao's temple as "Empress Gao". Therefore, she was demoted into a separate temple.
In the aftermath of her death, the officials would plot against the Lü clan and have Grand Empress Dowager Lü's family members overthrown and executed.
During her regency, members of the Lü clan gradually took over important posts in the government; however, upon her death, officials that previously served under Emperor Gao, including Chen Ping, Zhou Bo and Guan Ying, eliminated the Lü clan and placed Emperor Wen on the throne. In this way, Empress Dowager Lü's devotion to her husband's wishes oddly enough led to her own clan's downfall, as Chen and Zhou were named by her to their posts long after Emperor Gaozu's death pursuant to his instructions on ministerial succession.
Empress Lü has been criticized by some past historians for being a power-hungry woman. Despite her reputation for ruthlessness and cruelty, she appeared to be genuinely devoted to her husband and the safety of the empire—so much so that long after Emperor Gaozu's death, she, then firmly in control, continued to carry out his instructions on the succession of ministers. Despite her cruelty, she was also known as an able administrator, and she, other than the instances of nepotism, generally promoted capable officials. During her regency, therefore, the people of the empire enjoyed a measure of rest from the turmoils of the destruction of Qin Dynasty and the wars of the Chu Han Contention. However, due to her trade embargo against Nanyue, Nanyue made repeated attacks against the Principality of Changsha (modern Hunan) and the Commandery of Nan (modern Hubei).
Emperor Hui's infant sons, Liu Gong and Liu Hong, were installed as her puppets on the throne after Emperor Hui's death in 188 BC. Thus, real power rested in her hands for sixteen years.
| Chinese royalty | ||
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| New dynasty | Empress of Western Han Dynasty 202 BC – 195 BC |
Succeeded by Empress Zhang Yan |
| New creation | Empress of China 202 BC – 195 BC |
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