| Ministry of Education and Culture Ministry of Religious Affairs |
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| Minister of Education and Culture Minister of Religious Affairs |
Professor Muhammad Nuh Suryadharma Ali |
| National education budget (2006) | |
| Budget | US $4.18 billion |
| General Details | |
| Primary Languages | Indonesian |
| System Type | Curriculum |
| Competency-based curriculum | October 14, 2004 |
| Literacy (2005) | |
| Total | 90.4 |
| Male | 94.0 |
| Female | 86.8 |
| Primary | 31.8 million |
| Secondary | 18.6 million |
| Indonesia |
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Indonesia portal |
Education in Indonesia is the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan or Kemdikbud) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Agama or Kemenag). In Indonesia, all citizens must undertake nine years of compulsory education, six years at elementary level and three in junior high school. Islamic schools are the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Education is defined as a planned effort to establish a study environment and education process so that the student may actively develop his/her own potential to gain the religious and spiritual level, consciousness, personality, intelligence, behaviour and creativity to him/herself, other citizens and for the nation. The constitution also notes that education in Indonesia is divided into two major parts, formal and non-formal. Formal education is divided again into three levels, primary, secondary and tertiary education.
Schools in indonesia are run either by the government (negeri) or privately (swasta). Some private schools refer to themselves as "national plus schools" meaning that they go beyond the minimum government requirements, especially in relation to the use of English as medium of instruction or having an international curriculum instead of the national curriculum.
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Education system in the era of Hindu-Buddhist civilization is called karsyan. Karsyan is a place of hermitage. This method is highly religious, aimed for drawing oneself closer to God.
The emergence of Islamic state in Indonesia is noted by the acculturation of both Islamic tradition and Hindu-Buddhist tradition. At this time period, pondok pesantren, a type of Islamic boarding school was introduced and several of them were established. The location of pesantren is mostly faraway from the hustling crowd of the city, resembling the location of Karsyan.
Elementary education was introduced by the Dutch in Indonesia during the colonial era. At first, it was restricted for only Dutch or European people. In 1870, with the growth of Dutch Ethical Policy, formulated by Conrad Theodor van Deventer, those schools opened the doors for bumiputera or native Indonesian. Those schools were called Sekolah Rakjat (Indonesian: folk school), the embryo of what is called Sekolah Dasar (elementary school) nowadays.[1]
The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local population of Indonesia, although this was restricted to certain privileged children. The system they introduced was roughly similar to the current structure, with the following levels:
The segregation between Dutch and Indonesian in Education pushed several Indonesian figures to start educational institutions for local people. Ahmad Dahlan founded Muhammadiyahin November 1912, and Ki Hajar Dewantara founded Taman Siswa in July 1922. Pesantren was growing rapidly during this time period.[2]
The Dutch colonial government also established a number of universities for native Indonesian on the island of Java, such as[3]:
By the 1930s, the Dutch had introduced limited formal education to nearly every province of the Dutch East Indies.
The school year is divided into two semesters. The first begins in the beginning of July and ends in December; the second begins in January and ends in June.
| Level/Grade | Typical age |
|---|---|
| Preschool | |
| Pre-school playgroup | 3-4 |
| Kindergarten | 4-6 |
| Elementary school | |
| 1st Grade | 6–7 |
| 2nd Grade | 7–8 |
| 3rd Grade | 8–9 |
| 4th Grade | 9–10 |
| 5th Grade | 10–11 |
| 6th Grade | 11–12 |
| Junior high school | |
| 7th grade | 12-13 |
| 8th Grade | 13-14 |
| 9th Grade | 14-15 |
| Senior high school | |
| 10th Grade | 15–16 |
| 11th Grade | 16–17 |
| 12th Grade | 17–18 |
| Post-secondary education | |
| Tertiary education (College or University) | Ages vary (usually four years, referred to as Freshman, Sophomore, Junior and Senior years) |
| Graduate education | |
| Adult education | |
| Type of Science | Subjects | Grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | # | Name | Elementary school | Junior high school | Senior high school | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th (NS) | 12th (NS) | 11th (SS) | 12th (SS) | ||||||||||||
| 1 | Education | 1 | Religious Studies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Civics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Physical Education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Information Technology and Communication | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Language (and Literature) | 1 | Bahasa Indonesia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Traditional/Local Language (Sundanese, Cirebonese, Balinese, etc) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Chosen Modern Language (Mandarin, Arabic, French, or German) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Natural | 1 | Mathematics | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Physics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Biology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Chemistry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Social | 1 | History | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Geography | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Economics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Sociology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | Arts | 1 | Music | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Paint | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Skill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Dance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total subjects | 13 | 16 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
From the age of 2, children in Indonesia in general attend pre-school playgroup, known as PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini). From the age of 4, they attend kindergarten (Taman Kanak-Kanak). This education is not compulsory for Indonesian citizens, as the aim of this is to prepare them for primary school. Of the forty-nine thousand kindergartens in Indonesia 99.35% are privately operated schools.[4] The kindergarten years are usually divided into "Class A" and "Class B" students spending a year in each class.
Children ages 6–11 attend Sekolah Dasar (SD) (literally Elementary School). This level of education is compulsory for all Indonesian citizens, based on the national constitution. In contrast to the majority of privately run kindergartens, most elementary schools are government operated public schools, accounting for 93% of all elementary schools in Indonesia.[5] Similar to education systems in the U.S. and Australia, students must study for six years to complete this level. Some schools offer an accelerated learning program, where students who perform well can finish elementary school in five years.
Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) is the Islamic alternative to SD, following a curriculum with more focus on Arabic and Islam.
Junior High school, generally known by the abbreviation "SMP" (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) is part of basic education in Indonesia. After graduating from elementary school, students attend Middle School for three years from the age of 12-14. After three years of schooling and graduation, students may move on to Senior High School.
Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) is the Islamic equivalent of
In Indonesia, there are two types of senior high school. First is generally known as by the abbreviation "SMA" (Sekolah Menengah Atas) and second is SMK (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan). SMA differs from SMK in their studies. The students at SMA are prepared to continue their study to university while students of SMK are prepared to be ready to work after finishing their school without going to university/college. SMA is simply the university-preparatory school while SMK is the vocational school. Students attending SMA will be divided into 3 group of studies in their 11th grade, i.e. Science, Social studies, and Linguistic. Based on the national constitution, Indonesian citizens do not have to attend high school as the citizens only require nine years of education. This is also reflected by the number of high schools in Indonesia, with just slightly below 9,000 schools.[6]
Madrasah Aliyah (MA) is the Islamic equivalent of SMA, and Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK) the Islamic equivalent of SMK.
After graduation from High school or college, students may attend a university (higher education). The higher education institution is categorized in two types: public and private which supervised by Ministry of National Education. There are four types of higher education institution: Universities, Institutes, Academies, and Polytechnics.
There are different degrees in higher education, namely Diploma 3 (D3), Diploma 4 (D4), Strata 1 (S1), Strata 2 (S2) and Strata 3 (S3).
| Types of Degree | Indonesian Language | English Language |
|---|---|---|
| D3 | Ahli Madya | Associate's Degree |
| D4 | Sarjana | Bachelor's Degree |
| S1 | Sarjana | Bachelor's Degree |
| S2 | Magister | Master's Degree |
| S3 | Doktor | Doctoral Degree |
In Indonesia, students with special needs might choose between going to a separate school, called Sekolah Luar Biasa (literally: Extraordinary School) or inclusive school.
There are around 6,000 foreign students studying at universities in Indonesia, most of them come from Malaysia. In particular, they are in the field of Medicine, Pharmacy, Literature, Humanities, Islamic studies and Engineering. They are mainly enrolled in University of Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University and Bandung Institute of Technology.[7]
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