Haplogroup E1b1b1b (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup E1b1b1b (V257)
Possible time of origin	approx 5,600 years BP
Possible place of origin	Northwest Africa
Ancestor	E1b1b1 (E-M35)
Descendants	E1b1b1b1a (E-M107), E1b1b1b1b (E-M183) and within it: E1b1b1b1b1 (E-M165), E1b1b1b1b2 (E-L351)
Defining mutations	L19/V257

In human genetics, E1b1b1b (or E-V257), is the name of a major Y chromosome haplogroup mainly found in North Africa (especially Maghreb) and to a lesser extent in Western Asia and Europe. E1b1b1b is dominated by its dominant sub-clade E1b1b1b1 (E-M81), formerly known as E1b1b1b, E3b1b, and E3b2, which was discovered first, and has been more discussed in published literature. V257's discovery was announced in Trombetta et al. (2011).

1 Origins
2 Distribution
3 Tree
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

Origins

Trombetta et al. (2011) felt that V257 showed a parallel with its sibling clade E-V68 in the way that both clades show signs of having migrated from Africa to southwestern Europe across the Mediterranean sea. They found 6 "E-V257*" individuals in their samples who were E-V257, but not E-M81. A Borana from Kenya, a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.

Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.

—Trombetta (2011)

Its dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago.^[1]

Distribution

North Africa

E1b1b1b1 (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in the Maghreb, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from 100% in some isolated Berber populations to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt.^[1]^[2]^[3] Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as Mozabite, Middle Atlas, Kabyle and other Berber groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker". Pereira et al. (2010) report high levels amongst Tuareg in two Saharan populations - 77.8% near Gorom-Gorom, in Burkina Faso, and 81.8% from Gosi in Mali. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.

E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arabic-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Tizi Ouzou, Algiers).^[4]

In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, Arredi et al. (2004) report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying greater lineage age in those areas) from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, Kujanova et al. (2009) found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt

Arredi et al. (2004) believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". According to Shomarka Keita, a Near Eastern origin of proto-Afroasiatic speakers carrying E-M81, or its ancestral lineage, is inconsistent with the linguistic evidence, which seems to indicate an African origin of Proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers. Keita argues that there is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far south as the Horn of Africa.^[5]

Europe

In Europe, E-M81 is found everywhere but mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe^{[Note 1]} it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 9% in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45)^[10] to 41% (23/56).^[11] An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).^[12]

E-M81 is also found in France, 2.70 % (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91),^[13]^[14] in Sicily (approximately 2% overall, but up to 7% in Piazza Armerina),^[15] and in slightly lower frequencies in continental Italy (especially near Lucera)^[9] due to historic colonization during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires or ancient migrations in the Metals Ages through maritime means.

Latin America

As a result of Iberian colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba,^[16] 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), ^{[Note 2]} and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4%.^[17]

Others

In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.

Distribution

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.

Country/Region	Sampling	N	% E-M81	Source
Algeria	Mozabite Berbers	20	80	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Algeria	Oran	102	45.1	Robino et al. (2008)
Algeria	Algiers	35	42.9	Arredi et al. (2004)
Algeria	Kabyles from Tizi Ouzou	19	47.4	Arredi et al. (2004)
Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	112	5.4	Silva et al. (2006)
Burkina Faso	Tuaregs	38	77.8	Pereira et al. (2010)
Canary Islands	Fuerteventura	75	13.3	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands	Gran Canaria	78	11.5	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands	Tenerife	178	10.7	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands	Lanzarote	97	6.2	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands	La Palma	85	5.9	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands	Gomera	92	4.4	Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands	Hierro	47	2.1	Fregel et al. (2009)
Cuba		132	6.1	Mendizabal et al. (2008)
Cyprus	Turkish Cypriots	46	8.7	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Egypt	Northern Egyptians	21	4.8	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Egypt	Western Desert	35	28.6	Kujanová et al. (2009)
Egypt		147	8.2	Flores et al. (2005)
France		85	3.5	Cruciani et al. (2004)
France	Auvergne	89	5.6	Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France	Île-de-France	91	5.5	Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France	Nord-Pas-de-Calais	68	4.4	Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	45	2.2	Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France	Midi-Pyrénées	67	1.5	Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
Iberia	Spain, Portugal	655	5.2	Fregel et al. (2009)
Iberia	Spain, Portugal	1140	4.3	Adams et al. (2008)
Israel	Bedouins	28	3.6	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Italy	Central Italians	89	2.2	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Italy	Northern Italians	67	1.5	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Italy	North-West Apulia	46	4.3	Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy	East Campania	84	2.4	Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy	Veneto	55	1.8	Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy	North-East Latium	55	1.8	Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy	Lucera	60	1.7	Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy	Sicily	236	2.1	Gaetano et al. (2008)
Jordania		101	4	Flores et al. (2005)
Lebanon		104	1.9	Flores et al. (2005)
Lebanon		914	1.2	Zalloua et al. (2008)
Libya	Tuaregs	47	48.9	Ottoni et al. (2011)
Mali	Tuaregs (Gozi)	21	81.8	Pereira et al. (2010)
Morocco	Marrakesh Berbers	29	72.4	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Morocco	Moyen Atlas Berbers	69	71	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Morocco	Moroccan Arabs	54	31.5	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Morocco	Marrakesh (Amizmiz Valley)	33	84.8	Alvarez et al. (2009)
Morocco	Northern Moroccans (Beni Snassen)	67	79.1	Dugoujon et al. (2005)
Morocco	Northern Moroccans (Rhiraya)	54	79.6	Dugoujon et al. (2005)^[18]
Morocco	Immigrants resident in Italy	51	54.9	Onofri et al. (2008)
Morocco	Arabs and Berbers	221	65	Fregel et al. (2009), from Bosh et al 2001
Niger	Tuaregs	22	9.1	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Niger	Tuaregs	31	11.1	Pereira et al. (2010)
North Africa	Sahara	89	59.6	Fregel et al. (2009)
North Africa	Algeria, Tunisia	202	39.1	Fregel et al. (2009)
Portugal	North	109	5.5	Flores et al. (2004)
Portugal	South	49	12.2	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Portugal	North	50	4	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Portugal	South	78	7.7	Adams et al. (2008)
Portugal	North	60	3.3	Adams et al. (2008)
Portugal		303	5.6	Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal	North	101	6	Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal	Center	102	4.9	Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal	South	100	6	Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal	Madeira	129	5.4	Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal	Açores	121	5	Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal		657	5.6	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Entre Douro e Minho	228	6.6	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Tras os Montes	64	3.1	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Beira Litoral	116	5.2	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Beira Interior	58	5.3	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Estremadura	43	4.6	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Lisboa e Setubal	62	6.5	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Alentejo	65	7.7	Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal	Coruche	64	9.4	Pereira et al. (2010)
Portugal	Pias	46	4.3	Pereira et al. (2010)
Portugal	Alcacer do Sal	21	4.8	Pereira et al. (2010)
Portugal	Tras-os-Montes (Jews)	57	5.3	Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Portugal	Tras-os-Montes (Non Jews)	30	10	Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Somalia		201	1.5	Flores et al. (2005)
Spain	Pasiegos from Cantabria	19	36.8	Scozzari et al. (2001)
Spain	Pasiegos from Cantabria	56	41.1	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain	Pasiegos from Cantabria	45	17.8	Maca-Meyer et al. (2003)
Spain	Spanish Basques	55	3.6	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain	Asturians	90	2.2	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain	Southern Spaniards	62	1.6	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain	Castile, NorthWest	100	10	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Andalucia, West	73	9.6	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Galicia	292	4.1	Brion et al. (2004)
Spain	Galicia	88	9.1	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Extremadura	52	7.7	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Valencia	73	4.1	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Castile, NorthEast	31	3.2	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Aragon	34	2.9	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Minorca	37	2.7	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Andalucia, East	95	2.1	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Majorca	62	1.6	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Castile, La Mancha	63	1.6	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Catalonia	80	1.3	Adams et al. (2008)
Spain	Cantabria	161	13	Capelli et al. (2009)
Spain	Malaga	26	11.5	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Galicia	19	10.5	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Cantabria	70	8.6	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Cordoba	27	7.4	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Valencia	31	6.5	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Leon	60	5	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Castile	21	4.8	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Seville	155	4.5	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Huelva	22	4.5	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Basques	45	2.2	Flores et al. (2004)
Spain	Huelva	167	3	Ambrosio et al. (2010)
Spain	Granada	250	3.6	Ambrosio et al. (2010)
Spain	Pedroches Valley	68	1.5	Alvarez et al. (2009)
Spain	Andalusians	94	2.1	Alvarez et al. (2009)
Tunisia	Tunis	148	37.9	Arredi et al. (2004)
Tunisia	Immigrants resident in Italy	52	32.7	Onofri et al. (2008)
Tunisia	Berbers from Bou Omrane	40	87.5	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Berbers from Bou Saad	40	92.5	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Jerbian Arabs	46	60.9	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Jerbian Berbers	47	76.6	Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Berbers Chenini–Douiret	27	100	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Berbers Sened	35	65.7	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Berbers Jradou	32	100	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Andalusian Zaghouan	32	40.6	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia	Cosmopolitan Tunis	33	54.4	Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Turkey	Istanbul Turkish	35	5.7	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Turkey	Sephardi Turkish	19	5.3	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Turkey	Southwestern Turkish	40	2.5	Cruciani et al. (2004)
Turkey	Northeastern Turkish	41	2.4	Cruciani et al. (2004)

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.^[19]^[20]^[21]

E1b1b1b (L19, V257)
- E1b1b1b1 (M81)
  - E1b1b1b1a (M107) Underhill et al. (2000) found one example in Mali.
  - E1b1b1b1b (M183) This clade is extremely dominant within E-M81. In fact, while Karafet et al. (2008) continues to describe this as a sub-clade of E-M81, and ISOGG defers to Karafet et al., all data seems to imply that it should actually be considered phylogenetically equivalent to M81
    - E1b1b1b1b1 (M165) Underhill et al. (2000) found one example in Middle East.
    - E1b1b1b1b2 (L351) Found in two related participants in The E-M35 Phylogeny Project.

Notes

^ Adams et al. (2008), shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 9% in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) , see table.
^ (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal (Beleza et al., (2006)), quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors." Silva et al. (2006)

^ ^a ^b Arredi et al. (2004)
^ Alvarez et al. (2009)
^ Bosch et al. (2001)
^ Robino et al. (2008), Arredi et al. (2004)
^ Keita (2008), "Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation", In Hot Pursuit of Language, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xxcdjUGfx40C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3
^ Adams et al. (2008)
^ Flores et al. (2005)
^ Beleza et al. (2006)
^ ^a ^b Capelli et al. (2009)
^ ^a ^b Maca-Meyer N., Sánchez-Velasco P., Flores C. et al., Larruga JM, González AM, Oterino A, Leyva-Cobián F (2003), "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)", Annals of Human Genetics 67 (Pt 4): 329–339, doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x, PMID 12914567.
^ Cruciani et al. (2004)
^ Fregel et al. (2009), Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European, see table
^ Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
^ exluding recent immigration as only men with French surname were analysed
^ Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
^ (8 out of 132), Mendizabal et al. (2008)
^ (7 out of 295), Paracchini et al. (2003)
^ The Berbers Linguistic and enetic diversity
^ ISOGG (2008)
^ Karafet et al. (2008)
^ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)

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Haplogroup E1b1b1b (Y-DNA)

Contents

Origins

Distribution

North Africa

Europe

Latin America

Others

Distribution

Tree

See also

Notes

References

External links