| Dorothea von Medem | |
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| Tenure | 6 November 1779 - 28 March 1795 (15 years, 142 days) |
| Spouse | Peter von Biron |
| Issue | |
| Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan Princess Pauline, Duchess of Sagan Princess Johanna Katharina Prince Peter Princess Dorothea |
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| Father | Friedrich von Medem |
| Mother | Louise Charlotte von Manteuffel |
| Born | 3 February 1761 |
| Died | 20 August 1821 (aged 60) |
| Religion | Lutheranism |
(Anna Charlotte) Dorothea von Medem (3 February 1761 – 20 August 1821) was born a Gräfin (Countess) of the noble German Baltic Medem family and later became Duchess of Courland (a Baltic region). Popularly known as Dorothea of Courland after her marriage to Peter von Biron, the last Duke of Courland, she hosted an aristocratic salon in Berlin and performed various diplomatic duties on behalf of her estranged husband.
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Anna Charlotte Dorothea was born at Mežotne Palace in Mežotne, now Latvia, to Friedrich von Medem, a Reichsgraf from the old Courland nobility and a general-poruchik of the Russian Empire, and his second wife, Louise Charlotte von Manteuffel. Her father, a descendant of Konrad von Mandern was himself awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky in 1774 for his help in preparing the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. He owned many estates, including the Villa Medem in Jelgava. Her elder half sister from her father's previous marriage was the poet Elisa von der Recke.
On November 6, 1779, eighteen-year-old Dorothea became the third wife of the 37-year-old, childless Duke Peter von Biron, son of the famous Ernst Johann von Biron. The couple had six children, two of whom died in infancy. The four surviving children were all daughters; however, the youngest one, Dorothea, was probably illegitimate.
Dorothea was welcomed into the highest social circles thanks to her new status as duchess as well as her beauty. Because her husband was preoccupied with political difficulties at home involving his overlord the King of Poland and the Courland nobility, he frequently sent her on diplomatic missions to Warsaw, lasting months at a time, and to Berlin, Karlovy Vary, and Saint Petersburg for shorter periods. During these long absences Dorothea became alienated from her husband and had numerous love affairs with other men, including Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, Talleyrand, and the Polish nobleman Alexander Batowski, who fathered her fourth daughter, born in 1793. After the year she gave birth to her illegitimate daughter, also named Dorothea (whom her husband nevertheless acknowledged as his own), the Duchess moved permanently to the Palais Kurland in Berlin, where she held an aristocratic salon.
In 1794 she acquired the Gutsherrschaft Löbichau in Altenburgischen and spent her summers at the newly-built Schloss there. Inviting poets, philosophers, relatives and friends to Löbichau, it became known as the Musenhof der Herzogin von Kurland. Her sister Elisa von der Recke, who would later be linked with Christoph August Tiedge, came to Löbichau to live and Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Frederick William III of Prussia, Napoleon I of France, Talleyrand, Metternich, Goethe, Schiller and other personalities of the time were the duchess's personal friends. In 1801, she received a proposal from Prince Frederick Adolf of Sweden.[1]
Upon her youngest daughter Dorothea's marriage to Talleyrand's nephew, Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord, in 1809, the duchess moved to Paris, having an intense relationship with Talleyrand and influenced him to turn against Napoleon. In 1814 she traveled to the Congress of Vienna to confront him about his love affair with her daughter Dorothea. A few years after her death at Löbichau in 1821, the Duchess's body was moved from her place of death to the family vault at Sagan where her husband had been buried in 1800.
With Peter von Biron:
With Alexander Batowski: