Polycephaly

Polycephaly is a condition of having more than one head. The term is derived from the Greek stems poly- (Anc.Gr. "πολύ") meaning 'much' and kephali- (Anc.Gr. "κεφάλι") meaning "head", and encompasses bicephaly and dicephaly (both referring to two-headedness). A variation is an animal born with two faces on a single head, a condition known as diprosopus. In medical terms these are all congenital cephalic disorders.

There are many occurrences of multi-headed animals, in real life as well as in mythology. In heraldry and vexillology, the double-headed eagle is a common symbol, though no such animal is known to have ever existed.

Bicephalic or tricephalic animals are the only type of multi-headed creatures seen in the real world and form by the same process as conjoined twins: they all result from the failed separation of monozygotic twins. One extreme example of this is the condition of craniopagus parasiticus, whereby a fully developed body has a parasitic twin head joined at the skull.

Occurrences

Two-headed people and animals, though rare, have long been known to exist and documented. The "Scottish brothers" were conjoined twins, allegedly dicephalic, born 1460 (dates vary). (Human conjoined twins, not all of the dicephalic type, have been documented since 945.)

Novelty and study

Polycephalic animals often make local news headlines when found. The most commonly observed two-headed animals are turtles and snakes.^[1] Other species with known two-headed occurrences include cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and fish. In 1894, a two-headed partridge was reported in Boston, Massachusetts.^[2] It was notable as a dicephalic animal for surviving into adulthood with two perfect heads. Scientists have published in modern journals about dissecting such animals since at least the 1930s.^[1] A 1929 paper studied the anatomy of a two-headed kitten.^[1]

Polycephalic animals, due to their rarity, are a subject of novelty. "We", a two-headed albino rat snake born in captivity in 2000 with both female and male genitalia, was scheduled to be auctioned on eBay with an expected price tag of $150,000 (£87,000), though their policy of not trading in live animals prevented the sale.^[3]^[4] On 31 October 2006, the World Aquarium^[5] announced that "We" was adopted by Nutra Pharma Corporation, a biotechnology company developing treatments using modified cobra venom and cobratoxin.^[6] We died of natural causes at age eight in June 2007, not long after being acquired by Nutra Pharma.^[4]

Two-headed farm animals sometimes travel with animal side shows to county fairs. Most notably, The Venice Beach Freakshow supposedly houses the largest collection of two-headed specimens in the world, including over 20 two-headed animals that are alive. Many museums of natural history contain preserved two-headed animals. The Museum of Lausanne^[7] in Lausanne, Switzerland, and the Ripley's Believe It Or Not! museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, have collections of preserved two-headed animals. A very well preserved 2-headed lamb is on display in Llanidloes museum in Wales. A live two-headed turtle named Janus can be seen at the Natural History Museum in Geneva, Switzerland.^[8]^[9]

Anatomy and fitness

Each head of a polycephalic animal has its own brain, and they somehow share control of the organs and limbs, though the specific structure of the connections varies. Animals often move in a disoriented and dizzy fashion, with the brains "arguing" with each other; some animals simply zig-zag without getting anywhere^[10] Snake heads may attack and even attempt to swallow each other. Thus, polycephalic animals survive poorly in the wild compared to normal monocephalic animals.

Most two-headed snakes only live for a few months, though some have been reported to live a full life and even reproduced with the offspring born normal. A two-headed black rat snake with separate throats and stomachs survived for 20 years. A two-headed albino rat snake named "We" survived in captivity for 8 years.^[11] There is some speculation that the inbreeding of snakes in captivity increases the chances of a two-headed birth.^[12]

A famous successful modern case is that of the human dicephalic twins Abigail and Brittany Hensel, born in 1990. The twins have two separate heads and faces, they each have their own individual brains, spinal cords, and hearts. Abby and Brittany however have three lungs, and share all the other organs. Each twin controls the limbs and body parts on her "side", and with coordination that allows them to walk, run, play piano, swim, drive and do anything else they wish.^[13]

One or two animals?

It is difficult to draw the line between what is considered "one animal with two heads" or "two animals that share a body". With humans, dicephalic conjoined twins such as Abigail and Brittany Hensel are considered "twins", i.e., two individuals.^[14] This makes sense as there is a range of conjoinedness, and non-dicephalic conjoined twins may be barely-conjoined and separable by surgery, as was the case with Chang and Eng Bunker. Although the Hensel twins only have one pair of arms and legs total, each twin controls one side of the body's limbs. On the other hand, Syafitri, born 2006 in Indonesia, were given one name by their parents because they only had one heart.^[15] With other animals, polycephaly is usually described as "one animal with two heads".^[3]^[16] One of the heads, especially in three-headed animals, may be poorly developed and malformed, and not "participate" much.^[10]

Earliest known occurrence

The February 22, 2007 issue of the journal Biology Letters detailed the discovery of a 120 million-year-old fossil of a 2-headed Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis, marking the earliest known occurrence of axial bifurcation.^[17]

List of recent occurrences

Humans

Dicephalic conjoined twins (dicephalus dipus)

In 1990 Abigail and Brittany Hensel were born in Minnesota, United States^[13]
In 2000 Ayse and Sema Tanrikulu were born in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey^[18]
In 2003 June 13, twin girls named Huda and Manal Abdel Nasser Mohammed Mahmoud, were delivered by Caesarean section in a hospital in Asyut, Egypt^[19]
In 2003 Sohna and Mohna were born in India^[20]
In 2006 Syafitri was born in Indonesia^[15]
In 2007 Mary Grace and Mary Divine Asis were born in the Philippines having only one heart.^[21]
On August 25, 2008 a baby boy named Kiron was born with two heads in south-western Bangladesh.^[22] Kiron had been born from one embryo but a serious development anomaly had been present resulting in the double heads. The baby was described by the gynaecologist present at the birth as having "one stomach and he is eating normally with his two mouths. He has one genital organ and a full set of limbs". He died three days later on August 28.^[23]

In July 2009 a pair of dicephalic twins were born in Indonesia with two hearts and sharing all other internal organs.^[24]

On December 19, 2011 a pair of male twins, Emanoel and Jesus Nazare, were born in Marajó Island, Brazil. The children have two heads, two legs and two arms, sharing all the body below the neck. Each child has a separate spine, but shares a heart, liver, lungs and pelvis, and both brains are functioning.^[25]^[26].

Also in 2011 Sueli Ferreira gave birth to a child with two heads in Campina in Paraiba state, Brazil, but the baby died a few hours later because of lack of oxygen to one of the heads.^[27]

Craniopagus parasiticus

Craniopagus parasiticus is a condition in which a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped or underdeveloped body is attached to the head of a developed twin. Recorded cases include:

In 1783 the "Two-Headed Boy of Bengal" was born in India; the second head was joined roughly upside down on top of the developed twin's head. The boy survived until 1787 and was killed by a snakebite.
In 2003 Rebeca Martinez was born in the Dominican Republic with an extra head but died 7 hours after surgery at the age of 8 weeks.^[28]
In 2004 Egyptian Naglaa Mohamed gave birth to Manar Maged who had the head and undeveloped torso of another child attached. In 2005 the second head was removed and later that year Naglaa appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show with her surviving child.^[29] Manar died from a brain infection in 2006.^[30]

Unconfirmed reports

In 2008 a female child named Lali Singh was born to Vinod and Sushma Singh of the Gautam Buddha Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh in India.^[31] The family has refused special medical care, and recent reports state that the case is not one of polycephaly, but a condition called craniofacial duplication, a rare congenital disorder.^[32]

Mammals

Cats

There have been numerous reports of two-faced cats; most die soon after birth. Reports of two-headed kittens are common, relative to other animals, because of their status as household pets. Recent two-headed kittens include:

On 2008-11-19, A two-faced kitten was born in Perth, Australia.^[33]
On 2006-07-12, Tiger, a two-faced kitten was born in Grove City, Ohio.^[34]
On 2005-06-12, Gemini, a two-faced kitten was born in Glide, Oregon.^[35]
On 2005-03-08, Deuce, a two-faced kitten, was born in Lake City, Florida, and was euthanized shortly thereafter, having come down with pneumonia.^[36]
On 2000-06-07, Image, a two-faced kitten, was born on and died later that year in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[37]^[38]

Polycephalic cats in museums include:

The Museum of Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland, preserves a two-headed kitten (pictured).
The Laing Museum in the small town of Newburgh, Fife, Scotland, preserves the stuffed body of a two-headed kitten born in the 19th century on Mugdrum Island.
The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia, has a full body taxidermy of a two-faced kitten.
Ripley's Believe It or Not! Museum on Clifton Hill in Niagara Falls, Ontario (Canada) has a full-body taxidermy of a two-faced kitten.
Eton College's Natural History Museum has a full-body taxidermy of a 2-faced kitten.

Cattle

A head mount of a two-headed calf is on display in the Museum at the Georgia State Capitol Building in Atlanta, Georgia.
A two-faced calf is preserved at the Douglas County Museum in Waterville, Washington.^[39] The calf lived for ten days after birth.
The Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, has full body taxidermy of a two-headed calf.
The Dalton Gang Museum, located in Meade, Kansas, also displays a full body taxidermy of a two-headed calf.
A two-headed calf mount can be found at the Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut
A two-headed calf was born in Frankston, Texas on February 13, 2009. Reportedly, the owner/rancher, J.R. Newman immediately took the calf to his local veterinarian for examination/treatment. The veterinarian, Dr. James Brown was quoted by a local reporter as saying, "I've seen slight variations [of this condition] but nothing like this before. This is by no means normal."^[40]
A full taxidermy of a two headed calf can be found in Melton Mowbray museum, Leicestershire, Uk
A full taxidermy of a two headed calf can be found in the Museum of Marxell (in the Northern Black Forest in Germany). The calf was born by a local cow and died shortly after birth by natural causes.
A full taxidermy of a two-headed calf is on display at the Ohio Historical Society.

Pigs

A preserved two headed piglet can be seen at the Museum of Witchcraft, Boscastle, Cornwall, England.
A two-headed piglet can be found at the Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut
In 1998, Rudy, a two-headed pig was born in Iowa.^[1]

Goats and sheep

In 2006, a two-headed lamb was born in Shandong, China.
The Ripley's Believe It Or Not! museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, has a mount.
The Llanidloes town museum in Powys, Wales has an example of a 2-headed lamb.

Reptiles

Snakes

Most polycephaletic snakes do not live long, but some captive individuals do.^[41]

A two-headed black rat snake with separate throats and stomachs survived for 20 years.^[42]
There are several preserved two-headed snakes on display in the Museum at the Georgia State Capitol Building in Atlanta.^[43]
A two-headed Boa constrictor was born in a pet shop in Hayward, California in May 2009. Owner Aaron Dickey decided to sell the snake to the Venice Beach Freak Show.^[44]
"We", the two-headed albino rat snake. See above.^[4]
A two-headed ladder snake Elaphe scalaris was discovered near the village of Pinoso, Spain.^[12]
A two-headed king snake lived for nearly 17 years in at Arizona State University.^[42]

Turtles

Two-headed turtles and tortoises are rare but not unknown. Recent discoveries include:

In 1999, a three-headed turtle was discovered in Tainan, Taiwan, by a villager named Lin Chi-fa.^[1]^[10]
In 2003, a two-headed angulate tortoise was discovered in South Africa, with the only other known case in the region reported in the early 1980s.^[16]
In 2004, Solomon and Sheba, a two-headed Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise was born in Dorchester, England.^[45]
In 2005, a two-headed Olive Ridley sea turtle was found in Costa Rica by the World Wildlife Fund.^[46]
In 2005, a baby turtle of unknown species was also reported in Havana, Cuba, in 2005.^[47]
In 2006, a two-headed, six-limbed soft-shell turtle in Singapore named "Double Happiness" was also featured on a local television program, and again on another program in late 2006.^[48]
As of September 2007, a ten-year-old living two-headed Greek Tortoise named Janus is being displayed in the Museum of Natural History of Geneva.^[49]^[50]
As of 2007, there is a fully preserved Common Snapping Turtle named Emily with two heads at the Science Museum of Minnesota.^[51]
In February 2011, a two-headed turtle was uncovered in Garner, North Carolina.^[52]
A two-headed Florida Redbelly Turtle named Gege lived at the Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park, transferred to a zoo where it spent the rest of its natural life until summer of 2008.
A two-headed turtle is currently on display at the Coex Aquarium in Seoul, South Korea

Crocodiles

There is a full body mount of a crocodile with two heads located at the Georgia State Capitol on the top level.

Mythological occurrences

Greek mythology

Greek mythology contains a number of multi-headed creatures. Typhon, a vast grisly monster with a hundred heads and a hundred serpents issuing from his thighs, is often described as having several offspring with Echidna, a creature with the body of a serpent but the face of a beautiful woman. Their offspring account for all the major monsters of Greek mythos, including:

Cerberus – a monstrous three-headed dog that guards the gate to Hades
Ladon – a sometimes hundred-headed serpentlike dragon that guards the garden of the Hesperides and is overcome by Heracles
Chimera – sometimes depicted with the heads of a goat and a lion
The Lernaean Hydra – an ancient nameless serpent-like chthonic water beast that possessed numerous heads
Orthrus – a two-headed dog owned by Geryon
The Hecatonchires were giants with fifty heads and one hundred arms. The word "Hecatonchire" means "hundred arms". They were the sons of Gaia, and Uranus.
Hecate – Greek goddess of the crossroads, who had three heads to guard three-way crossroads

Other accounts state that some of these creatures were the offspring of Phorcys and Ceto. Phorcys is also said to have fathered Scylla, a giant monster with six dogs' heads, which terrorises Odysseus and his crew.

In Hinduism

Kāliyā, a multi-headed, poisonous water-snake vanquished by Krishna in Indian mythology
Brahma, a four-headed, four-faced Hindu god (deva)
Ravana, the ten-headed King of Lanka from the Hindu smriti Ramayana(However, it is argued that Ravana's ten heads were just a figure of speech used to represent his superhuman intelligence)
Shesha,The many headed snake and the eternal companion of Lord Vishnu in Indian mythology

In Occultism

Bune, a dragon with the heads of a dog, a griffin, and a man, in Occult

Ancient Mediterranean civilizations

Janus, a two- or four-faced god in Roman mythology
Nehebkau, a two-headed snake in Egyptian mythology

European culture

Various Ogres, Trolls, and Giants in European folklore and fairy tales
Double headed eagle, a heraldic symbol.

Eastern Europe

Balaur, a dragon with three, seven or twelve heads, in Romanian mythology
Svantevit, four-headed god of war and divination in Slavic mythology
Triglav (meaning "three headed") is a god or complex of gods in Slavic mythology
Zmey Gorynych, a dragon in Slavic mythology
Dragons in Hungarian folklore usually have three or seven heads

Northern Europe

Þrúðgelmir, a six-headed giant in Norse mythology

Japan

Orochi, an eight-headed snake in Japanese mythology

Modern fiction

Examples of polycephaly in modern fiction include:

Zaphod Beeblebrox, in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Joe-Jim, from Robert A. Heinlein's Orphans of the Sky, is a mutant case of dicephalic conjoined twins.
Various Yu-Gi-Oh monsters have three heads, most notably, the Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon.
Magic: The Gathering has Hydras and sporadically features various creatures with multiple (particularly two) heads since Limited Edition Alpha like Two-Headed Giant of Foriys, which has also a multiplayer format named after it, implying that two players team up against two other players. Further cards include Two-Headed Dragon, Two-Headed Sliver and also Double Header, which could be regarded as a parody of such creatures.
Mrs. Grales in A Canticle for Leibowitz
Sachiel, the Third Angel, from the Japanese anime show Neon Genesis Evangelion, developed a second "face" growing on its chest after a N-2 Bomb was dropped on it.
Troigs from the Star Wars universe
Various Pokémon, including Doduo (two heads), Dodrio (three heads) and Girafarig (two heads). Dugtrio is often cited as having three heads, although it may as well be a colony of three animals. Other possible multi-headed Pokémon include Combee, a beelike Pokémon with three faces inside a triple hexagon body, resembling a honeycomb segment.Dusknoir appears to have a second face on its stomach, although it is unknown whether this face is false or not. Most recently, Pokémon Black and White introduces Vanilluxe, a Pokémon resembling a double-scoop ice cream cone, which has a face on each "scoop", and the Deino evolution family. Deino has a single head, its evolution Zweilous has two, and its final evolution, Hydregion, has three.
Brahmin, mutated, two-headed cattle that are commonly used as livestock and beasts of burden in the Fallout series of video games. In fact, characters consider one-headed cows as abnormal.
The Three-Headed Giant in Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
Fluffy, a gigantic three-headed dog in the novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The dog is based on Cerberus.
King Ghidorah, the evil dragon king in the Godzilla franchise and Godzilla's arch enemy.
A constant gag in the 1930s Believe it or Else! series had a two-headed fish that kept swimming in the picture saying: "Excuse me, but where can I find Mr. Ripley?".
The hydra in the novel The Lightning Thief had five heads, but the main protagonist Percy cut them all off and they grew back to become ten heads.
Another hydra appeared in the 1997 Disney animated feature Hercules. Initially, this hydra had one head, but every time the main protagonist Hercules sliced a head off, three more heads appeared in its place. The mythical three-headed dog Cerberus also appears briefly in this film. The earth Titan also happened to have two heads.
Tryclyde, the three-headed snake enemy from the video game Super Mario Bros. 2.
In the third episode of the sixth production season of Futurama a two-headed goat with heads on opposite sides of the body is shown puking one end and vomiting diarrhea the other.
Linda-Louise Carney, a comic book character, who's a two-headed, teenage circus freak and part of the cast from Archie Comics' The Carneys. She also appeared on a cover of a different comic book series known as Dumb-Ass Express.^[53]
Devon and Cornwall, a two-headed dragon character from the Warner Bros. animated film Quest for Camelot.
Rose and Ruby Darlen, craniopagus parasitic twins in the novel The Girls, their fictional autobiography told from alternating viewpoints as they approach their thirtieth birthday, making them the world's oldest craniopagus twins.
Daisy from Tracy Barrett's novel King of Ithaka. She is a three headed monster with human heads and claws that lives underground.
The Pushmi-pullyu from the Doctor Doolittle books by Hugh Lofting.

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^ "Culture in Geneva". http://www.jjkphoto.ch/geneve_culture.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-10.
^ Getty Images
^ Science Museum of Minnesota - Collections Gallery
^ "Two-headed turtle found in Garner". WRAL.com. 2001-09-11. http://www.wral.com/news/local/video/9149615/#/vid9149615. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
^ Offenberger, Rik. "Dan Parent: Making Betty & Veronica Spectacular". Comics Bulletin. http://www.comicsbulletin.com/features/112043081798919.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-26.

External links

"Two-headed animals going on show" at Newsround Online (accessed August 24, 2006).
Video of two-headed piglet.