December 2010 Israeli rabbi letter controversy

In December 2010, two open letters signed by rabbis in Israel generated heated controversy within and outside the country.

The first letter was a psak din (religious ruling) signed by an estimated 50 rabbis, urged Israeli landowners not to rent to Arabs or other non-Jews.^[1] The second letter, signed by at least 27 rebbetzins (rabbis' wives) and released on December 28 by Lehava, urged young Jewish women not to date Arabs or even to work at locations where non-Jews might be present.^[2]

The initiator of the rabbis' letter was the chief rabbi of Safed Shmuel Eliyahu.^[3] Eliyahu was summoned to a police interrogation on January 2, 2011, on suspicion of incitement to racism, a crime in Israel,^[4] but refused to answer the summons.^[5]

Many of the rabbis who signed the letter are "local rabbis," in charge of religious services provided by their municipality; they are state employees and receive taxpayer salaries. Among the signers were rabbis from Rishon LeZion, Ramat HaSharon, Herzliya, Kfar Saba and Holon (all suburbs of Tel Aviv), Jerusalem, and other towns and settlements.^[6]

According to a poll conducted by the Harry S Truman Institute for the Advancement of Peace at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a narrow plurality of Jewish Israelis were opposed to the rabbis' call not to rent to Arabs: 44 percent supported the statement, and 48 percent were opposed it.^[2][7][8]

Responses

Both letters generated heated controversy in Israel and abroad, and were widely condemned:

Opposition

• Minorities Affairs Minister Avishay Braverman called for Eliyahu's ouster as early as November 18, 2010.^[9] On December 12, Braverman threatened to push for his Labor Party to quit the coalition, stating that "There is a hatred of foreigners. The nation is turning into Iran following the rabbis' letter."^[10]
• The Association for Civil Rights in Israel demanded that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemn the letter (which he later did) and take disciplinary action against state-employed signatories of the letter, saying in a statement that "Rabbis who are civil servants have an obligation to the entire public, including Israel's Arab citizens. It is unthinkable that they would use their public status to promote racism and incitement."^[11]
• Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister of Israel and the leader of the Likud party, condemned the letter on December 7 in a speech before the National Bible Contest for adults in Jerusalem, stating that ""How would we feel if we were told not to sell an apartment to Jews?" We would protest, and we protest now when it is said of our neighbors" and that "Such things cannot be said, not about Jews and not about Arabs. They cannot be said in any democratic country, and especially not in a Jewish and democratic one. The state of Israel rejects these sayings."^[12]
• Ehud Barak, the leader of the Labor Party, Deputy Prime Minister, and Defense Minister, stated that "The rabbis' letters is part of a racist tidal wave threatening to sweep Israeli society into dark and dangerous zones. The Labor Party under my authority is working to draw all of Israel's citizens together, in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence."^[13]
• Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin (Likud), the told Haaretz in in interview that "In my opinion, their statement shames the Jewish people...I see this general statement as an embarrassment to the Jewish people, and another nail in the coffin of Israeli democracy. Let me make this absolutely clear: I believe these people do the most damage to the state of Israel." Rivlin stated that "Israel can justify its faith in itself as a Jewish state only if it wields its democratic powers totally and unreservedly. This moral right will be taken from us if we prove to the world that, when it comes to democracy, we deny anything which does not suit us from a Jewish point of view." He also urged the attorney general to determine whether the letter constitutes incitement, a crime in Israel.
• Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein, head of Yeshivat Har Etzion and a major religious Zionist rabbinical figure,^[14] wrote a lengthy and erudite letter of opposition.^[15]
• Rabbis Yosef Shalom Eliashiv and Aharon Leib Shteinman, the leading Ashkenazic Haredi rabbis in Israel, strongly condemned the edict.^[16]
• Almost all American rabbis also condemned the letter. An online petition for rabbis posted by the New Israel Fund on December 10 had 914 rabbi signatories five days later; by January 7, 2011, the petition had well over one thousand signatures.^[17] The petition stated that "Am Yisrael knows the sting of discrimination, and we still bear the scars of hatred. When those who represent the official rabbinic leadership of the State of Israel express such positions, we are distressed by this Chillul HaShem, desecration of God's name...Statements like these do great damage to our efforts to encourage people to love and support Israel. They communicate to our congregants that Israel does not share their values, and they promote feelings of alienation and distancing." Notable American rabbis who signed included Conservative Rabbi Julie Schonfeld, executive vice president of the Conservative Rabbinical Assembly, Reform Rabbi David Saperstein, the director of the Religious Action Center of the Union for Reform Judaism), and Orthodox Rabbis Avi Weiss, the leader of the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale and Marc Angel. Signatories included members of all major American Jewish denominations. A separate condemnation was issued by the Orthodox Rabbinical Council of America.^[18]
• Roughly 50 Israeli Masorti rabbis signed a counter-letter allowing Jews to rent to non-Jews, while 40 female Israeli Reform rabbis representing the Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism issued a counter-letter proclaiming "professional and social contacts" between Jews and non-Jews to be positive and that "Jews who are confidant in their Jewish identity do not have to fear contact with people from other nations," a statement also supported by the council's 50 male Reform rabbis ^[19] The Reform rabbis also argued that the rebbetzins' attitude toward Israeli girls was "condescending", portrayed them as "weak", and perpetuated male chauvinism. Their counter-letter encouraged Israelis not to listen to "hate-mongers and fanatics".^[20]
• Holocaust survivors condemned the letter. Noah Flug, the chairman of the International Association of Holocaust Survivors, stated that "As someone who suffered as a Jew and underwent the Holocaust, I remember the Nazis throwing Jews out of their apartments and city centres in order to create ghettos. I remember how they wrote on benches that no Jews were allowed, and of course it was prohibited to sell or rent to Jews. We thought that in our country this wouldn't happen."^[21]

Support

• Eliyahu was supported by members of the Knesset Ya'akov Katz and Uri Ariel of the National Union, who condemned the "summoning to interrogation of the great leaders of Israel" and the "persecution of the Torah and its rabbis."^[4] National Union MK Michael Ben-Ari proposed a bill (originally drafted by former MK Shmuel Halpert of Agudat Yisrael) that would give rabbis who work for the state immunity from prosecution from actions and pronouncements in connection with leadership duties or religious pronouncements, similar to the parliamentary immunity enjoyed by MKs.^[22]

References