DMT1

Solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled divalent metal ion transporters), member 2
Identifiers
Symbols SLC11A2; DCT1; DMT1; FLJ37416; NRAMP2
External IDs OMIM: 600523 MGI: 1345279 HomoloGene: 55471 GeneCards: SLC11A2 Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 4891 18174
Ensembl ENSG00000110911 ENSMUSG00000023030
UniProt P49281 Q3UFV5
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000617 NM_008732
RefSeq (protein) NP_000608 NP_032758
Location (UCSC) Chr 12:
51.37 – 51.42 Mb		 Chr 15:
100.22 – 100.26 Mb
PubMed search [1] [2]

The divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), also known as natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 (NRAMP 2), and divalent cation transporter 1 (DCT1),[1] is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC11A2 (solute carrier family 11, member 2) gene.[2] DMT1 represents a large family of orthologous metal ion transporter proteins that are highly conserved from bacteria to humans.[3]

As it's name suggests, DMT1 binds a variety of divalent metals including cadmium (Cd2+) and copper (Cu2+), however it is best known for it's role in transporting ferrous iron (Fe2+); DMT1 expression is regulated by body iron stores to maintain iron homeostasis. DMT1 is also primary in the absorption and transport of manganese (Mn2+).[4]

Contents

Role in neurodegenerative diseases

Toxic accumulation of divalent metals, especially iron and/or manganese, are frequently discussed aetiological factors in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. DMT1 may be the major transporter of manganese across the blood brain barrier and expression of this protein in the nasal epithelium provides a route for direct absorption of metals into the brain.[5] DMT1 expression in the brain may increase with age,[6] increasing susceptibility to metal induced pathologies. DMT1 expression is found to be increased in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's patients and in the ventral mesencephalon of animal models intoxicated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) - a neurotoxin widely used experimentally to produce Parkinsonian symptoms.

The DMT1 encoding gene SLC11A2 is located on chromosome the long arm of chromosome 12 (12q13) close to susceptibility regions for Alzheimer's disease[7] and restless legs syndrome. The C allele of SNP rs407135 on the DMT1 encoding gene SLC11A2 is associated with shorter disease duration in cases of spinal onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,[8] and is implicated in Alzheimer's disease onset in males as well.[7] The CC haplotype for SNPs 1254T/C IVS34+44C/A is associated with Parkinson's disease susceptibility.[9] Finally, variant alleles on several SLC11A2 SNPs are associated with iron anemia, a risk factor for manganese intoxication and restless legs syndrome.[10]

References

  1. ^ "Solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled divalent metal ion transporters), member 2". GeneCards. http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SLC11A2. 
  2. ^ Vidal S, Belouchi AM, Cellier M, Beatty B, Gros P (April 1995). "Cloning and characterization of a second human NRAMP gene on chromosome 12q13". Mamm. Genome 6 (4): 224–30. doi:10.1007/BF00352405. PMID 7613023. 
  3. ^ Au C, Benedetto A, Aschner M (July 2008). "Manganese transport in eukaryotes: the role of DMT1". Neurotoxicology 29 (4): 569–76. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2008.04.022. PMC 2501114. PMID 18565586. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2501114. 
  4. ^ Gunshin H, Mackenzie B, Berger UV, Gunshin Y, Romero MF, Boron WF, Nussberger S, Gollan JL, Hediger MA (July 1997). "Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter". Nature 388 (6641): 482–8. doi:10.1038/41343. PMID 9242408. 
  5. ^ Aschner M (May 2006). "The transport of manganese across the blood-brain barrier". Neurotoxicology 27 (3): 311–4. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2005.09.002. PMID 16460806. 
  6. ^ Ke Y, Chang YZ, Duan XL, Du JR, Zhu L, Wang K, Yang XD, Ho KP, Qian ZM (May 2005). "Age-dependent and iron-independent expression of two mRNA isoforms of divalent metal transporter 1 in rat brain". Neurobiol. Aging 26 (5): 739–48. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.06.002. PMID 15708449. 
  7. ^ a b Jamieson SE, White JK, Howson JM, Pask R, Smith AN, Brayne C, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns NJ, Rubinsztein DC, Blackwell JM (February 2005). "Candidate gene association study of solute carrier family 11a members 1 (SLC11A1) and 2 (SLC11A2) genes in Alzheimer's disease". Neurosci. Lett. 374 (2): 124–8. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.038. PMID 15644277. 
  8. ^ Blasco H, Vourc'h P, Nadjar Y, Ribourtout B, Gordon PH, Guettard YO, Camu W, Praline J, Meininger V, Andres CR, Corcia P (April 2011). "Association between divalent metal transport 1 encoding gene (SLC11A2) and disease duration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J. Neurol. Sci. 303 (1-2): 124–7. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2010.12.018. PMID 21276595. 
  9. ^ He Q, Du T, Yu X, Xie A, Song N, Kang Q, Yu J, Tan L, Xie J, Jiang H (September 2011). "DMT1 polymorphism and risk of Parkinson's disease". Neurosci. Lett. 501 (3): 128–31. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.001. PMID 21777657. 
  10. ^ Xiong L, Dion P, Montplaisir J, Levchenko A, Thibodeau P, Karemera L, Rivière JB, St-Onge J, Gaspar C, Dubé MP, Desautels A, Turecki G, Rouleau GA (October 2007). "Molecular genetic studies of DMT1 on 12q in French-Canadian restless legs syndrome patients and families". Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144B (7): 911–7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30528. PMID 17510944. 

Further reading

External links

Transition metal
Other
TMC6 · TMC8 · SLC30A1 · SLC39A4
Electrolyte

M: NUT

cof, enz, met

noco, nuvi, sysi/epon, met

drug(A8/11/12)