A craniofacial team is a team of medical specialists that treat children and adults who have facial deformities such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip with cleft palate.
Upon diagnosis, the patient should be referred to a craniofacial team. In practice, often, it is the pediatrician who diagnoses the child immediately after birth. Within the craniofacial team, the child is referred to the ENT-specialist in case of hearing problems, to the speech pathologist in case of speech problems, etc. Mutual consensus on treatment by different specialists is important.
After referral, the child may be seen by a surgeon, who will recommend appropriate surgical procedures. X-rays and lab research may be necessary.
Team meetings and smaller team consultations are held, mostly involving one or two specialists who monitor and supervise a child for a longer period of time. Mutual team consultation results in a better treatment since often more than one target area is treated at once.
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Cleft lip and cleft palate are congenital disorders of the craniofacial complex that occurs early during pregnancy and is present at birth. A cleft lip occurs when the two sides of the lip are separated, including the gum and or the upper jaw.[1] A cleft palate occurs when the shelves of the palate fail to meet or fuse, resulting in an opening in the roof of the mouth. Cleft lip and cleft palate may affect early feeding, speech , dentition, hearing, velopharyngeal function and psychosocial development. Due to the multifaceted nature of this disorder, a timely coordinated approach by an interdisciplinary cleft palate or craniofacial team is essential to the management and care of this population. According to the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA), a cleft palate team provides assessment and treatment for cleft lip and cleft palate only, while a craniofacial team provides assessment and treatment for craniofacial anomalies and associated syndromes.[2] The minimal requirement for a cleft palate team is a surgeon (see below), an orthodontist, and a speech-language pathologist.[2] Involvement of other professionals such as audiologists, psychologists (or other mental health professionals), otolaryngologists, pediatricians and general dentists, geneticists, social workers, pediatric nurse practitioners, and radiologists is not uncommon. Most children with a cleft palate evidence early, and usually treatable middle ear disease (otitis media).
Either an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Otolaryngologist, or a Plastic surgeon. The surgeon is a critical member of the cleft palate team. Their role is to create a functional lip and palate that appears as normal as possible and provides support for the lip and base of the nose. This may, in some cases, require more than one surgery, including initial closure of the lip, initial closure of the palate, lip and nose revision, alveolar bone grafting, and if necessary, closure of orinasal fistula, and/or further palatal or pharyngeal surgery to eliminate hypernasal speech.[3] Orthognathic surgery to align the upper and lower jaws may also be performed when the child is in his or her teens. The timing of these surgeries range from birth to the teenage years, and is based upon discussions with the orthodontist and surgeon.
Craniofacial orthodontics is the sub-specialty of orthodontics that focuses on the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary treatment of patients with birth defects such as cleft lip and palate. These conditions often require coordinated surgical and medical interventions or extraordinary behavioral management to make orthodontic treatment practical and effective. Braces treatments for cleft lip and palate patients tends to be more complex, takes more time and clinical resources, and requires working with multiple dental, surgical and medical providers to get the best results. Current practice standards call for a coordinated plan of care between the fellowship-trained craniofacial orthodontists and plastic-craniofacial surgeons - among other specialists - in order to achieve excellent and esthetic facial results.
The orthodontist whose specialty is the growth and development of the craniofacial complex, is one of the first cleft palate team members the family may encounter. The orthodontist’s evaluation of the newborn will help determine the timing of required surgeries as the child develops.
The speech-language pathologist is also an essential member of the cleft palate team. Children with cleft palate, while having no trouble with normal language development, can often have delayed speech development due to their mouth's unusual anatomy. The speech-language pathologist will be involved in parent education, newborn feeding instruction, and evaluation and treatment of speech, language, voice and resonance disorders.
The evaluation and treatment of a child with cleft lip +/- palate requires ongoing services from a team of various professionals in a coordinated timely manner. Successful rehabilitation of the child is dependent on continued care by these professionals. Note that not all children with orofacial anomalies will require the care of a cleft palate team. For example, some children with submucous, or occult clefts of the palate, who do not have an impairment of speech/hearing may not need this service.
Facial deformities require various specialist treatments. These range from surgery to psychology. A typical team:
All team members have deputies in order to guarantee continuity.
Facing the World is a British charity that was founded to provide facial reconstructive surgery to children with severe facial disfigurements who are not able to receive treatments in their own countries. The entire Craniofacial Team donate their services and the charity fundraises to cover hospital, travel and accommodation costs.
In November 2006, there was an hour-long documentary on the British television network Channel 4 about Facing the World.
http://surgery.med.nyu.edu/plastic/