Comparison of orbital launch systems

This page exposes the full list of orbital launch systems.
For the short simple list of launchers families, see Comparison of orbital launchers families.

Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit.

Legend for below table:   [under development] — [retired] — [operational]

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg)		 Mass to
other orbits
(kg)		 Cost
(Mil US$)		 Cost/kg
(LEO) (US$)		 Launches Status First flight Last flight Vehicle
Angara 1.1  Russia Khrunichev &100000000000000000000000 Development Angara 1.1
Angara 1.2  Russia Khrunichev &100000000000038000000003,800[1] &100000000000000000000000 Development Angara 1.2
Angara A3  Russia Khrunichev &1000000000001460000000014,600[1] &100000000000024000000002,400–3,600 to GTO[1] &10000000000000070000000 €50 (US$70)[2] &100000000000000000000000 Development Angara A3
Angara A5  Russia Khrunichev &1000000000002450000000024,500 (63°) [3][4] &100000000000000000000000 Development Angara A5
Angara A7  Russia Khrunichev &1000000000004100000000041,000[3][4] &100000000000000000000000 Development Angara A7
Ariane 1  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000014000000001,400 &100000000000018300000001,830 to GTO[5] &1000000000000001100000011[5] Retired 1979 1986 Ariane 1
Ariane 2  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000022700000002,270 to GTO[5] &100000000000000060000006[5] Retired 1986 1989 Ariane 2
Ariane 3  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000026500000002,650 to GTO[5] &1000000000000001100000011[5] Retired 1984 1989 Ariane 3
Ariane 4 40  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000046000000004,600[5] &100000000000027400000002,740 to SSO
1,900 to GTO[5]		 &100000000000000030000003[5] Retired 1990 1993 Ariane 4 40
Ariane 4 40 H10+  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000020200000002,020 to GTO[5] &100000000000000010000001[5] Retired 1995 1995 Ariane 4 40 H10+
Ariane 4 40 H10-3  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000021050000002,105 to GTO[5] &100000000000000030000003[5] Retired 1995 1999 Ariane 4 40 H10-3
Ariane 4 42L  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &100000000000045000000004,500 to SSO
3,200 to GTO[5]		 &100000000000000010000001[5] Retired 1993 1993 Ariane 4 42L
Ariane 4 42L H10+  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &100000000000033500000003,350 to GTO[5] &100000000000000010000001[5] Retired 1994 1994 Ariane 4 42L H10+
Ariane 4 42L H10-3  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &100000000000034800000003,480 to GTO[5] &1000000000000001100000011[5] Retired 1995 2002 Ariane 4 42L H10-3
Ariane 4 42P  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000060000000006,000[5] &10000000000002600000000 3,400 to SSO
2,600 to GTO[5]		 &100000000000000020000002[5] Retired 1990 1992 Ariane 4 42P
Ariane 4 42P H10+  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000027400000002,740 to GTO[5] &100000000000000040000004[5] Retired 1992 1994 Ariane 4 42P H10+
Ariane 4 42P H10-3  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000029300000002,930 to GTO[5] &100000000000000090000009[5] Retired 1994 2002 Ariane 4 42P H10-3
Ariane 4 44L  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &10000000000004200000000 6,000 to SSO
4,200 to GTO[5]		 &1000000000000001100000011[5] Retired 1989 1992 Ariane 4 44L
Ariane 4 44L H10+  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &100000000000044600000004,460 to GTO[5] &100000000000000050000005[5] Retired 1992 1994 Ariane 4 44L H10+
Ariane 4 44L H10-3  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &100000000000047200000004,720 to GTO[5] &1000000000000002400000024[5] Retired 1995 2003 Ariane 4 44L H10-3
Ariane 4 44LP  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &10000000000003700000000 5,000 to SSO
3,700 to GTO[5]		 &100000000000000070000007[5] Retired 1988 1993 Ariane 4 44LP
Ariane 4 44LP H10+  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &100000000000040300000004,030 to GTO[5] &100000000000000060000006[5] Retired 1992 1995 Ariane 4 44LP H10+
Ariane 4 44LP H10-3  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000070000000007,000[5] &100000000000042200000004,220 to GTO[5] &1000000000000001300000013[5] Retired 1995 2001 Ariane 4 44LP H10-3
Ariane 4 44P  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000065000000006,500[5] &10000000000003000000000 4,100 to SSO
3,000 to GTO[5]		 &100000000000000020000002[5] Retired 1991 1991 Ariane 4 44P
Ariane 4 44P H10-3  Europe Aérospatiale &100000000000034650000003,465 to GTO[5] &100000000000000090000009[5] Retired 1995 2001 Ariane 4 44P H10-3
Ariane 5ECA  Europe EADS Astrium &1000000000002100000000021,000[6] &10000000000010050000000[7] &10000000000000220000000220 [8] &1000000000001047600000010,476 [8] &1000000000000003100000031
[note 1]		 Operational 2002
Ariane 5ECB  Europe EADS Astrium &1000000000002100000000021,000 &10000000000012000000000to GTO &100000000000000000000000 Development Ariane 5ECB
Ariane 5ES  Europe EADS Astrium &1000000000002100000000021,000[6] &10000000000008000000000 8,000 to GTO[9] &10000000000000220000000220 [8] &1000000000001047600000010,476 [8] &100000000000000020000002 Operational 2008 Ariane 5ES
Ariane 5G  Europe EADS Astrium &1000000000001800000000018,000[9] &100000000000069000000006,900[9] &1000000000000001600000016[9] Retired[10] 1996 2003 Ariane 5G
Ariane 5G+  Europe EADS Astrium &1000000000001800000000018,000 &100000000000071000000007,100 to GTO [9] &100000000000000030000003[9] Retired[10] 2004 2004 Ariane 5G+
Ariane 5GS  Europe EADS Astrium &1000000000001800000000018,000 &100000000000066000000006,600 to GTO [9] &100000000000000060000006[9] Retired[10] 2005 2009 Ariane 5GS
ASLV  India ISRO &100000000000000040000004 Retired 1987 1994 ASLV
Athena I  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000000040000004[11] Retired 1995 2001 Athena I
Athena Ic [12]  United States ATK
Lockheed Martin		 &100000000000000000000000 Development Athena Ic
Athena II  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000020650000002,065 &100000000000000030000003[13] Retired 1998 1999 Athena II
Athena IIc [12]  United States ATK
Lockheed Martin		 &100000000000000000000000 Development Athena IIc
Atlas-Centaur  United States Lockheed Retired 1962 1983 Atlas-Centaur
Atlas G  United States Lockheed &100000000000059000000005,900[14] &100000000000022220000002,222 to GTO
1,179 to HCO[14]		 &100000000000000070000007[14] Retired 1984 1989 Atlas G
Atlas H/MSD  United States Lockheed &100000000000000050000005 Retired 1983 1987 Atlas H/MSD
Atlas I  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000059000000005,900[14] &100000000000023400000002,340[14] &1000000000000001100000011[14] Retired 1990 1997 Atlas I
Atlas II  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000067800000006,780[14] &100000000000028100000002,810 to GTO
2,000 to HCO[14]		 &1000000000000001000000010[14] Retired 1991 1998 Atlas II
Atlas IIA  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000073160000007,316[14] &100000000000031800000003,180 to GTO
2,160 to HCO[14]		 &1000000000000002300000023[14] Retired 1992 2002 Atlas IIA
Atlas IIAS  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000086180000008,618[14] &100000000000038330000003,833 to GTO
2,680 to HCO[14]		 &1000000000000003000000030[14] Retired 1993 2004 Atlas IIAS
Atlas IIIA  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000086860000008,686[14] &100000000000040600000004,060 to GTO
2,970 to HCO[14]		 &100000000000000020000002[14] Retired 2000 2004 Atlas IIIA
Atlas IIIB/DEC  United States Lockheed Martin &1000000000001075900000010,759[14] &100000000000046090000004,609 to GTO[14] &100000000000000010000001[14] Retired 2002 2002 Atlas IIIB/DEC
Atlas IIIB/SEC  United States Lockheed Martin &100000000000041930000004,193 to GTO [14] &100000000000000030000003[14] Retired 2003 2005 Atlas IIIB/SEC
Atlas V 401  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000090500000009,050[15] &10000000000004950000000 6,670 to SSO
4,950 to GTO[15]		 &10000000000000125000000125 [8] &1000000000001381200000013,812 [8] &1000000000000001100000011[15] Operational 2002 Atlas V 401
Atlas V 411  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000090500000009,050[15] &10000000000006075000000 8,495 to SSO
6,075 to GTO[15]		 &100000000000000030000003[15] Operational 2006 Atlas V 411
Atlas V 421  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000090500000009,050[15] &10000000000007000000000 9,050 to SSO
7,000 to GTO[15]		 &100000000000000030000003[15] Operational 2007 Atlas V 421
Atlas V 431  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000090500000009,050[15] &10000000000007800000000 9,050 to SSO
7,800 to GTO[15]		 &100000000000000020000002[15] Operational 2005 Atlas V 431
Atlas V 501  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000082500000008,250[15] &10000000000003970000000 5,945 to SSO
3,970 to GTO
1,500 to GEO[15]		 &100000000000000030000003[15] Operational 2010 Atlas V 501
Atlas V 511  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001095000000010,950[15] &10000000000005370000000 7,820 to SSO
5,370 to GTO
1,750 to GEO[15]		 &100000000000000000000000[15] Operational Atlas V 511
Atlas V 521  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001330000000013,300[15] &10000000000006485000000 9,585 to SSO
6,485 to GTO
2,760 to GEO[15]		 &100000000000000020000002[15] Operational 2003 Atlas V 521
Atlas V 531  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001530000000015,300[15] &10000000000007425000000 11,160 to SSO
7,425 to GTO
3,250 to GEO[15]		 &100000000000000010000001[15] Operational 2010 Atlas V 531
Atlas V 541  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001710000000017,100[15] &10000000000008240000000 12,435 to SSO
8,240 to GTO
3,730 to GEO[15]		 &100000000000000000000000[15] Operational Atlas V 541
Atlas V 551  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001850000000018,500[15] &10000000000008700000000 12,435 to SSO
8,700 to GTO
3,960 to GEO[15]		 &100000000000000010000001[15] Operational 2006 Atlas V 551
Black Arrow  United Kingdom RAE &1000000000000007300000073 &100000000000000000020002(+2) Retired 1969[note 2] 1971 Black Arrow
Commercial Titan III  United States Martin Marietta &100000000000000040000004 Retired 1990 1992 Commercial Titan III
Delta 0300  United States McDonnell Douglas &10000000000000700000000700 &10000000000000370000000370 to SSO &100000000000000030000003[16] Retired[17] 1972 1973 Delta 0300
Delta 0900  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000013000000001,300[18] &10000000000000818000000818 to SSO[16] &100000000000000020000002[16] Retired 1972 1972 Delta 0900
Delta 1410  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000010000001[16] Retired 1975 1975 Delta 1410
Delta 1604  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000020000002[16] Retired 1972 1973 Delta 1604
Delta 1900  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000018000000001,800[16] &100000000000000010000001[16] Retired 1973 1973 Delta 1900
Delta 1910  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000010000001[16] Retired 1975 1975 Delta 1910
Delta 1913  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000010000001[16] Retired 1973 1973 Delta 1913
Delta 1914  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000020000002[16] Retired 1972 1973 Delta 1914
Delta 2310  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000030000003[16] Retired 1974 1981 Delta 2310
Delta 2313  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000030000003[16] Retired 1974 1977 Delta 2313
Delta 2910  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000018870000001,887[16] &100000000000000060000006[16] Retired 1975 1978 Delta 2910
Delta 2913  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000020000000002,000[19] &10000000000000700000000700 to GTO[19] &100000000000000060000006[16] Retired 1975 1976 Delta 2913
Delta 2914  United States McDonnell Douglas &10000000000000724000000724 to GTO[16] &1000000000000003000000030[16] Retired 1974 1979 Delta 2914
Delta 3910  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000024940000002,494[16] &100000000000011540000001,154 to GTO with PAM-D[16] &1000000000000001000000010[16] Retired 1980 1988 Delta 3910
Delta 3913  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000000010000001[16] Retired 1981 1981 Delta 3913
Delta 3914  United States McDonnell Douglas &10000000000000954000000954 to GTO[16] &1000000000000001300000013[16] Retired 1975 1987 Delta 3914
Delta 3920  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000034520000003,452[16] &100000000000012840000001,284 to GTO with PAM-D[16] &1000000000000001000000010[16] Retired 1982 1989 Delta 3920
Delta 3924  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000011040000001,104 to GTO[16] &100000000000000040000004[16] Retired 1982 1984 Delta 3924
Delta 4925  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000034000000003,400[20] &100000000000013120000001,312 to GTO[16] &100000000000000020000002[16] Retired 1989 1990 Delta 4925
Delta 5920  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000038480000003,848[21] &100000000000000010000001[16] Retired 1989 1989 Delta 5920
Delta II 6920  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000039830000003,983[16] &100000000000000030000003[16] Retired 1990 1992 Delta II 6920
Delta II 6925  United States McDonnell Douglas &100000000000014470000001,447 to GTO[16] &1000000000000001400000014[16] Retired 1989 1992 Delta II 6925
Delta II 7320  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000028650000002,865[note 3][16] &100000000000016510000001,651 to SSO[note 3][16] &1000000000000001000000010[16] Retired 1999 2011 Delta II 7320
Delta II 7326  United States Boeing IDS &10000000000000934000000934 to GTO
636 to TLI
629 to HCO[note 3][16]		 &100000000000000030000003[16] Retired 1998 2011 Delta II 7326
Delta II 7420  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000031850000003,185[note 3][16] &100000000000019660000001,966 to SSO[note 3][16] &1000000000000001300000013[16] Retired 1998 2010 Delta II 7420
Delta II 7425  United States Boeing IDS &100000000000011000000001,100 to GTO
804 to HCO[note 3][16]		 &100000000000000040000004[16] Retired 1998 2002 Delta II 7425
Delta II 7426  United States Boeing IDS &100000000000010580000001,058 to GTO
734 to TLI
711 to HCO[note 3][16]		 &100000000000000010000001[16] Retired 1999 1999 Delta II 7426
Delta II 7920  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000050300000005,030[note 3][16] &100000000000031230000003,123 to SSO[note 3][16] &1000000000000002700000027[16] Operational 1998 Delta II 7920
Delta II 7925  United States Boeing IDS &100000000000018190000001,819 to GTO
1,177 to TLI
1,265 to HCO[note 3][16]		 &1000000000000006900000069[16] Retired 1990 2009 Delta II 7925
Delta II-H 7920H  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000060970000006,097[note 3][16] &100000000000000030000003[16] Retired 2003 2011 Delta II-H 7920H
Delta II-H 7925H  United States United Launch Alliance &100000000000021710000002,171 to GTO
1,508 to HCO[note 3][16]		 &100000000000000030000003[16] Operational
[note 4]		 2003 Delta II-H 7925H
Delta III 8930  United States Boeing IDS &100000000000082920000008,292[16] &100000000000038100000003,810 to GTO[16] &100000000000000030000003[16] Retired 1998 2000 Delta III 8930
Delta IV-H  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000002295000000022,950[22] &1000000000001298000000012,980 to GTO [22] &10000000000000300000000US$300 (€220)[23] &100000000000000050000005 Operational 2004 Delta IV-H
Delta IV-M  United States Boeing IDS &100000000000081200000008,120[24] &100000000000042100000004,210 to GTO
2,722 to escape[24]		 &100000000000000030000003[24] Retired 2003 2006 Delta IV-M
Delta IV-M+(4,2)  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001175000000011,750[25] &100000000000057400000005,740 to GTO[25] &100000000000000080000008[24] Operational 2002 Delta IV-M+(4,2)
Delta IV-M+(5,2)  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001025000000010,250[25] &100000000000045900000004,590 to GTO[25] &100000000000000000000000[24] Operational Delta IV-M+(5,2)
Delta IV-M+(5,4)  United States United Launch Alliance &1000000000001350000000013,500[25] &100000000000064700000006,470 to GTO[25] &100000000000000010000001[24] Operational 2009[26] Delta IV-M+(5,4)
Diamant  France SEREB Retired 1965 1975 Diamant
Dnepr-1  Ukraine Yuzhmash &100000000000037000000003,700[27] &10000000000000014000000€10 (US$14)[2] &1000000000000001600000016 Operational 1999 Dnepr-1
Energia[note 5]  Soviet Union NPO Energia &10000000000100000000000100,000[28] &1000000000002000000000020,000 to GTO[28]
32,000 to TLI[28]		 &10000000000000240000000240[note 6] &100000000000000010000001[29] Retired 1987 1987 Energia
Energia-Buran  Soviet Union NPO Energia (Launcher)
NPO Molniya (Orbiter)		 &1000000000003000000000030,000[28]
[note 7]		 &100000000000000010000001 Retired 1988 1988 Energia-Buran
Epsilon  Japan IHI Aerospace[30]　　　　　 &100000000000012000000001,200[31] &100000000000000000000000 Development[31] Epsilon
Falcon 1  United States SpaceX &10000000000000670000000670 &100000000000000070000007 &100000000000000050000005 Retired[32] 2006 2009 Falcon 1
Falcon 1e  United States SpaceX &100000000000010100000001,010 &1000000000000001090000010.9 &1000000000001079200000010,792 &100000000000000000000000 Development[32] Falcon 1e
Falcon 9  United States SpaceX &1000000000001045000000010,450[33][34] &100000000000046800000004,680 to GTO[33] &1000000000000005600000056[33] &100000000000053590000005,359 &100000000000000020000002 Operational 2010 Falcon 9
Falcon Heavy  United States SpaceX &1000000000005300000000053,000[35] &1000000000001900000000019,000 to GTO[35]
&1000000000001600000000016,000 to TLI[35]		 &1000000000000008000000080–125 &100000000000022040000002,204 &100000000000000000000000 Development Falcon Heavy
GSLV Mk.I(a)  India ISRO &100000000000051000000005,100 &100000000000015000000001,500 to GTO &100000000000000010000001 Retired
 2001 2001 GSLV Mk.I(a)
GSLV Mk.I(b)  India ISRO &100000000000019000000001,900 &100000000000000040000004 Retired
 2004 2007 GSLV Mk.I(b)
GSLV Mk.I(c)  India ISRO &100000000000000010000001 Operational 2010 GSLV Mk.I(c)
GSLV Mk.II  India ISRO &100000000000025000000002,500[36] &100000000000000010000001 Operational 2010 GSLV Mk.II
GSLV Mk.III  India ISRO[37] &1000000000001000000000010,000 &100000000000045000000004,500–5,000[38] &100000000000000000000000 Development GSLV Mk.III
H-I  Japan
 United States		 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000032000000003,200 &100000000000011000000001,100 to GTO &100000000000000090000009 Retired 1986 1992 H-I
H-II  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000000050000005[39][note 8] Retired 1994 1998 H-II
H-IIA 202  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &1000000000001000000000010,000[40] &100000000000038000000003,800 to GTO[40] &100000000000000090000009[40] Operational 2001 H-IIA 202
H-IIA 204  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000058000000005,800 to GTO[40] &100000000000000010000001[40] Operational 2006 H-IIA 204
H-IIA 2022  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000042000000004,200[40] &100000000000000030000003[40] Retired 2005 2007 H-IIA 2022
H-IIA 2024  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries [40] &100000000000000070000007[40] Retired 2002 2008 H-IIA 2024
H-IIB 304  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &1000000000001900000000019,000[41] &100000000000080000000008,000[42] &100000000000000020000002[43] Operational 2009 H-IIB 304
H-II/SSB  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000000010000001[39] Retired 1995 1995 H-II/SSB
H-IIS  Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000000010000001[note 9][39] Retired 1999 1999 H-IIS
Haas  Romania ARCA &100000000000000000000000 Development Haas
J-I  Japan IHI Corporation
Nissan Motors[44]		 &100000000000000000010000(+1) Retired 1996 1996 J-I
Kaituozhe-1  China CALT &1000000000000005000000050 &100000000000000020000002 Operational 2002 Kaituozhe-1
Kosmos-3M  Russia NPO Polyot &100000000000015000000001,500 €12 million[2] &10000000000000442000000442 Operational 1967 Kosmos-3M
Lambda 4S  Japan Nissan Motors[44] &1000000000000002600000026[31] &100000000000000050000005 Retired 1966 1970 Lambda 4S
Long March 1  China CALT &10000000000000300000000300 &100000000000000030000003 Retired[45] 1969 1971 Long March 1
Long March 1D  China CALT &100000000000000000030000(+3) Operational 1995[note 10] Long March 1D
Long March 2A  China CALT &100000000000018000000001,800 &100000000000000010000001 Retired 1974 1974 Long March 2A
Long March 2C  China CALT &100000000000024000000002,400 &1000000000000003200000032 Operational 1975 Long March 2C
Long March 2D  China CALT &100000000000035000000003,500 &1000000000000001400000014 Operational 1992 Long March 2D
Long March 2E  China CALT &100000000000000070000007 Retired 1990 1995 Long March 2E
Long March 2F  China CALT &100000000000084000000008,400 &100000000000033700000003,370 &100000000000000070000007 Operational 1999 Long March 2F
Long March 2F/G  China CALT &100000000000000010000001 Operational 2011 Long March 2F/G
Long March 3  China CALT &100000000000050000000005,000 &100000000000013400000001,340 &1000000000000001400000014 Retired 1984 2000 Long March 3
Long March 3A  China CALT &100000000000085000000008,500 &100000000000026500000002,650 to GTO[46] Operational 1994 Long March 3A
Long March 3B  China CALT &1000000000001200000000012,000 [47] &1000000000000001000000010 Operational 1996 Long March 3B
Long March 3B/E  China CALT &100000000000000040000004 Operational 2007 Long March 3B/E
Long March 3B(A)  China CALT &100000000000000000000000 Development Long March 3B(A)
Long March 3C  China CALT &100000000000037000000003,700 [47] &100000000000000040000004
 Operational 2008 Long March 3C
Long March 4A  China CALT &100000000000000020000002
 Retired 1988 1990 Long March 4A
Long March 4B  China CALT &100000000000042000000004,200 &100000000000015000000001,500 to GTO &1000000000000001100000011
 Operational 1999 Long March 4B
Long March 4C  China CALT &100000000000042000000004,200 &100000000000015000000001,500 to GTO Operational 2007 Long March 4C
Long March 5  China CALT &1000000000002500000000025,000 [48] &1000000000001400000000014,000 to GTO [48] &100000000000000000000000 Development Long March 5
Long March 6  China CALT &100000000000000000000000 Development
since 2009		 Long March 6
Long March 7  China CALT &10000000000000500000000500 to SSO &100000000000000000000000 Development
since 2009		 Long March 7
M-V  Japan Nissan Motors[44] (-2000)
IHI AEROSPACE[30] (-2006)		 &100000000000018000000001,800 - 1,850[31] &100000000000000070000007 Retired 1997 2006 M-V
Minotaur I  United States Orbital &1000000000000001000000010 Operational 2000 2011 Minotaur I
Minotaur IV  United States Orbital &100000000000017350000001,735 &100000000000000020019993(+2) Operational 2010 Minotaur IV
Minotaur V  United States Orbital &10000000000000640000000640 to GTO
447 to TLI		 &100000000000000000000000 Development Minotaur V
Molniya  Soviet Union RSC Energia Retired 1960 1964 Molniya
Molniya-M  Soviet Union
 Russia		 RSC Energia &10000000000000275000000275 Retired 1964 2010 Molniya-M
Mu-3C  Japan Nissan Motors[44] &10000000000000195000000195[31] &100000000000000040000004 Retired 1974 1979 Mu-3C
Mu-3H  Japan Nissan Motors[44] &10000000000000300000000300[31] &100000000000000030000003 Retired 1977 1978 Mu-3H
Mu-3S  Japan Nissan Motors[44] &10000000000000300000000300[31] &100000000000000040000004 Retired 1980 1984 Mu-3S
Mu-3SII  Japan Nissan Motors[44] &10000000000000770000000770[31] &100000000000000080000008 Retired 1985 1995 Mu-3SII
Mu-4S  Japan Nissan Motors[44] &10000000000000180000000180[31] &100000000000000040000004 Retired 1971 1972 Mu-4S
N1  Soviet Union NPO Energia &1000000000009500000000095,000 [49][50][51][note 11] &100000000000000040000004 [52] Retired 1969 1972 N1
N-I  Japan
 United States		 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000012000000001,200 &10000000000000360000000360 to GTO Retired 1975 1982 N-I
N-II  Japan
 United States		 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries &100000000000020000000002,000 &10000000000000730000000730 &100000000000000080000008 Retired 1981 1987 N-II
Naro-1  South Korea
 Russia		 KARI/Khrunichev &10000000000000100000000100 &100000000000000020000002 Development 2009 2010 Naro-1
Paektusan  North Korea KCST &100000000000000010000001 Retired 1998 1998
Pegasus  United States Orbital &10000000000000443000000443 &1000000000000004000000040 Operational 1990 2008 Pegasus
Polyot  Soviet Union RSC Energia &100000000000014000000001,400 &100000000000000020000002 Retired 1963 1964 Polyot
Proton  Soviet Union
 Russia		 Khrunichev &1000000000002160000000021,600[53] &100000000000063600000006,360 to GTO[53] &1000000000000008500000085 [54] &100000000000043020000004,302[54] &10000000000000335000000335 [55] Operational 1965 Proton
PSLV  India ISRO &100000000000032000000003,200[56] &100000000000016000000001,600 to SSO
1,050 to GTO[57]		 17 &1000000000000001100000011 Operational 1993 PSLV
PSLV-CA  India ISRO &100000000000028000000002,800[56] &100000000000011000000001,100 to SSO[57] 17 &100000000000000060000006 Operational 2007 PSLV-CA
PSLV-XL  India ISRO &100000000000038000000003,800[57] &10000000000001300000000 1,750 to SSO
1,300 to GTO[57]		 &100000000000000020000002 Operational 2008 PSLV-XL
PSLV-HP  India ISRO &100000000000040000000004,000[57] &10000000000001440000000 1,900 to SSO
1,440 to GTO[57]		 &100000000000000000000000 Development PSLV-HP
Rokot  Russia Khrunichev &100000000000019500000001,950 &1000000000000001400000014[58] &1000000000000001400000014[59] Operational 1990
Safir  Iran Iranian Space Agency &100000000000000030000003 Operational 2008 Safir
Saturn I  United States Chrysler (S-I)
Douglas (S-IV)		 &1000000000000001000000010
 Retired 1961 1965 Saturn I
Saturn IB  United States Chrysler (S-IB)
Douglas (S-IVB)		 &1000000000002041200000020,412 &100000000000000090000009[60] Retired 1966 1975 Saturn IB
Saturn V  United States Boeing (S-IC)
North American (S-II)
Douglas (S-IVB)		 &10000000000118000000000118,000[61] &1000000000004700000000047,000 to TLI[61] &10000000000000185000000185 (1.11 billion in 2012)[62] &1000000000000001300000013[63][64][note 12] Retired 1967 1973 Saturn V
Scout  United States US Air Force/NASA &10000000000000150000000150 Retired 1961 1994 Scout
Shavit  Israel IAE &10000000000000160000000160 &1000000000000001500000015 &100000000000000090000009 Operational 1988 Shavit
Shtil'  Russia Makeyev &10000000000000160000000160 - 430 Operational 1998 Shtil'
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency &1000000000000006000000060-100[65][66] &100000000000000000000000 Development Simorgh
SLS  United States Alliant Techsystems (SRBs)

Boeing (proposed)[67]

 &1000000000007000000000070,000 — 130,000[68] &100000000000000000000000 Development SLS
SLV  India ISRO &1000000000000004000000040 &100000000000000040000004 Retired 1979 1983 SLV
Soyuz  Soviet Union RSC Energia &100000000000064500000006,450 &1000000000000003000000030 Retired 1966 1975 Soyuz
Soyuz-L  Soviet Union RSC Energia &100000000000055000000005,500 &100000000000000030000003 Retired 1970 1971 Soyuz-L
Soyuz-M  Soviet Union RSC Energia &100000000000066000000006,600 Retired 1971 1976 Soyuz-M
Soyuz-U  Soviet Union
 Russia		 TsSKB-Progress &100000000000062000000006,200–6,700 kg from Plesetsk)
6590-6950 from Baikonour[69]		 Operational 1973 Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U2  Soviet Union
 Russia		 TsSKB-Progress Retired 1982 1995 Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-FG  Russia TsSKB-Progress &100000000000067900000006,790–7130 kg[70] Operational 2001 Soyuz-FG
Soyuz-2.1a  Russia TsSKB-Progress &100000000000000070010007(+1) Operational 2004[note 13] Soyuz-2.1a
Soyuz-2.1b  Russia TsSKB-Progress &100000000000000040000004 Operational 2011 Soyuz-2.1b
Soyuz-2.1v  Russia TsSKB-Progress &100000000000028500000002,850 &100000000000000000000000 Development Soyuz-2.1v
Space Shuttle  United States Alliant Techsystems (SRBs)
Martin Marietta (ET)
Rockwell International (Orbiter)		 &1000000000002440000000024,400[note 7] &10000000000000300000000300 [54] &1000000000001041600000010,416 [54] &10000000000000135000000135[71] Retired 1981 2011 Space Shuttle
Sputnik 8K71PS  Soviet Union RSC Energia &10000000000000500000000500 &100000000000000020000002 Retired 1957 1957 Sputnik 8K71PS
Sputnik 8A91  Soviet Union RSC Energia &100000000000013270000001,327 Retired 1958 1958 Sputnik 8A91
Start-1  Russia MITT &10000000000000532000000532 &10000000000000167000000167 to SSO Operational 1993 Start-1
StratoLaunch  United States Stratolaunch Systems &100000000000061000000006,100[72] Developmental[72] 2016[73] StratoLaunch
Strela  Russia Khrunichev &100000000000017000000001,700 €5 million.[2] Operational 2003 Strela
Taurus  United States Orbital &100000000000013200000001,320 Operational 1994 2011 Taurus
Antares  United States Orbital Sciences Corporation &100000000000060000000006,000[74] &100000000000019000000001,900 to GTO[74] &100000000000000000000000 Development Antares
Titan II GLV  United States Martin Marietta &1000000000000001100099911(+1) Retired 1964 1966 Titan II GLV
Titan II(23)G  United States Martin Marietta Retired 1988 2003 Titan II(23)G
Titan IIIA  United States Martin Marietta Retired 1964 1965 Titan IIIA
Titan IIIB  United States Martin Marietta &1000000000000007000000070 Retired 1966 1987 Titan IIIB
Titan IIIC  United States Martin Marietta &1000000000000003600000036 Retired 1965 1982 Titan IIIC
Titan IIID  United States Martin Marietta &1000000000000002200000022 Retired 1971 1982 Titan IIID
Titan IIIE  United States Martin Marietta &100000000000000070000007 Retired 1974 1977 Titan IIID
Titan 34D  United States Martin Marietta &1000000000000001500000015 Retired 1982 1989 Titan 34D
Titan IVA  United States Martin Marietta Retired 1989 1998 Titan IVA
Titan IVB  United States Lockheed Martin &1000000000002168200000021,682[75] &100000000000057610000005,761 to GTO [75]
(9,000 with upper stage)		 &10000000000000350000000 432 &10000000000013836000000 &1000000000000003900000039 Retired 1997 2005 Titan IVB
Tronador II  Argentina CONAE &100000000000000000000000 Development Tronador 2.0
Tsyklon-2A  Soviet Union Yuzhmash &100000000000000080000008 Retired 1967 1969 Tsyklon-2A
Tsyklon-2  Soviet Union
 Ukraine		 Yuzhmash &10000000000000106000000106 Retired 1969 2006 Tsyklon-2
Tsyklon-3  Soviet Union
 Ukraine		 Yuzhmash Retired 1977 2009 Tsyklon-3
Tsyklon-4  Ukraine Yuzhmash &100000000000000000000000 Development Tsyklon-4
Unha  North Korea KCST &10000000000000100000000100 &100000000000000020000002 Operational 2006 Unha
Vanguard  United States Martin &1000000000000002300000023 &1000000000000001100099911(+1) Retired 1957 1959 Vanguard
Vega  Europe ESA/ASI &100000000000015000000001,500 &1000000000000002350000023.5 [76] &1000000000001560000000015,600 &100000000000000000000000 Development
since 1998		 2012 [77] Vega
VLS-1  Brazil AEB &10000000000000380000000380 &100000000000000020000002[note 14] Operational 1997 VLS-1
Volna  Russia Makeyev &10000000000000100000000100 &100000000000000010049991(+5)[A] Operational 1995[note 15] Volna
Voskhod  Soviet Union RSC Energia Retired 1963 1976 Voskhod
Vostok-L  Soviet Union RSC Energia &100000000000000040000004 Retired 1960 1960 Vostok-L
Vostok-K  Soviet Union RSC Energia Retired 1960 1964 Vostok-K
Vostok-2  Soviet Union RSC Energia &1000000000000004500000045 Retired 1962 1967 Vostok-2
Vostok-2M  Soviet Union RSC Energia &1000000000000009300000093 Retired 1964 1991 Vostok-2M
Soyuz/Vostok  Soviet Union RSC Energia Retired 1965 1966 Soyuz/Vostok
Zenit-2  Soviet Union
 Ukraine		 Yuzhnoye &1000000000001374000000013,740[78] &1000000000000003700000037[43] Retired 1985 2004[79] Zenit-2
Zenit-2M (2SLB)  Ukraine Yuzhnoye &1000000000001392000000013,920[78] &100000000000000010000001 Operational 2007 Zenit-2M (2SLB)
Zenit-3F  Ukraine Yuzhnoye[note 16] &100000000000000010000001 Operational 2011 Zenit-3F
Zenit-3SL  Ukraine Yuzhmash
RKK Energia [note 17]		 &100000000000061000000006,100 &100000000000052500000005,250 to GTO €60 million[2] &1000000000000003000000030 Operational 1999 Zenit-3SL
Zenit-3SLB  Ukraine Yuzhmash
RKK Energia [note 16]		 &100000000000037500000003,750 to GTO &100000000000000040000004 Operational 2008 Zenit-3SLB

Contents

Proposed and design concepts

Main article: List of launch vehicle plans

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A full listing of the Ariane 5 launch history is in its main article.
  2. ^ Suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l With 9.5 foot (2.9 metre) fairing
  4. ^ No flights planned, but 5 unsold heavies could be used.
  5. ^ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
  6. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica quotes Energia's "flyaway unit cost" at "$764 million in 1985 dollars". However the realistic exchange rate of Soviet currency was drastically different from the official conversion rate which had been set by decree at 0.8 Soviet rubles per US$1. Unofficially one US dollar in 1980s was in terms of purchasing power roughly equivalent to four Soviet rubles.
  7. ^ a b The US Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system, consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
  8. ^ Not including two launches made using the H-II/SSB and H-IIS configurations
  9. ^ Only launch failed to achieve orbit
  10. ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
  11. ^ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75mt LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90—95 mt, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
  12. ^ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968). For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
  13. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, first orbital launch in 2006
  14. ^ A third rocket exploded before launch
  15. ^ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
  16. ^ a b Operated by Land Launch
  17. ^ Operated by Sea Launch

References

  1. ^ a b c "Angaga Launch Vehicle Family". Khrunichev. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44. 
  2. ^ a b c d e European Space Directory 2006. Referenced in: Brian Harvey, The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program. p.296.
  3. ^ a b Семейство ракет-носителей «Ангара», date unknown, Retrieved 2010-08-09.
  4. ^ a b http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara7.html
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Gunter, Krebs. "Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  6. ^ a b "Ariane 5 Users Manual, Issue 4, P. 39 (ISS orbit)" (PDF). Arianespace. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927021638/http://www.arianespace.com/site/documents/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue4.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-13. 
  7. ^ "Ariane 5 delivers a record performance with two payloads for new Arianespace customers". Arianespace. http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2011/789.asp. Retrieved 2011-04-11. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f "FAA Semi-Annual Launch Report: Second Half of 2009". Federal Aviation Administration - Office of Commercial Space Transportation. pp. end of document. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/10998.pdf. Retrieved August 18, 2011. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane5.htm
  10. ^ a b c Flight V193 was the seventh Ariane 5 launch of 2009 and used the last of the GS version of the launcher.
  11. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Athena 1
  12. ^ a b Lockheed Martin and ATK Announce 2nd Generation Athena Launch Vehicles
  13. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Athena 2
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Gunter, Krebs. "Atlas Centaur". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas_centaur.htm. Retrieved 1 August 2011. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Gunter, Krebs. "Atlas-5". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas-5.htm. Retrieved 1 August 2011. 
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Gunter, Krebs. "Delta". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60dqY3Xtj. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  17. ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0300". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60dqp35oP. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  18. ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60dqt327u. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  19. ^ a b Wade, Mark. "Delta 2913". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60dt0Zu2u. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  20. ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 4000". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60e2WpW6v. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  21. ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 5000". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60e2dul4v. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  22. ^ a b "Delta Product Sheet, FINAL" (PDF). United Launch Alliance. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928093124/http://www.ulalaunch.com/images/product_sheet/Delta_Product_Sheet_FINAL.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
  23. ^ http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1111/10orioneft1/
  24. ^ a b c d e f Gunter, Krebs. "Delta-4". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60e9nhnjT. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  25. ^ a b c d e f Space launch report -Delta4
  26. ^ New communications craft launched for U.S. military, Spaceflight Now, 5 Dec 2009
  27. ^ Gunter, Krebs. "Dnepr-1". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60eARVyOE. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  28. ^ a b c d "S.P.Korolev RSC Energia - LAUNCHERS". Energia. http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/launchers/vehicle_energia.html. 
  29. ^ Wade, Mark. "Energia". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/fam/energia.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2010. 
  30. ^ a b "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html. Retrieved 2011-03-08. 
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml. Retrieved 4 March 2011. 
  32. ^ a b "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1". http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
  33. ^ a b c "FALCON 9 OVERVIEW". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php. 
  34. ^ "Falcon 9 Overview". Space Exploration Technologies. http://spacex.com/falcon9.php. Retrieved 29 Oct 2010. 
  35. ^ a b c "SpaceX Brochure". http://www.spacex.com/downloads/spacex-brochure.pdf. Retrieved 14 June 2011. 
  36. ^ ISRO GSLV Mark I & Mark II, Indian Space Research Organisation, 2008, accessed 2010-12-26.
  37. ^ Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III, ISRO
  38. ^ "GSLV MK3 (LVM3)". ISRO. 2009. http://knol.google.com/k/indian-space-projects#GSLV_Mk(2D)3_(28)LVM3(29). Retrieved 26 December 2010. 
  39. ^ a b c Gunter, Krebs. "H-2". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2.htm. Retrieved 1 August 2011. 
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gunter, Krebs. "H-2A". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2a.htm. Retrieved 1 August 2011. 
  41. ^ "Development Plan for Future Mission from HTV System, P. 6 (Table 4 Cargo transfer capabilities)". Jaxa. http://www.senkyo.co.jp/ists2008/pdf/2008-k-64.pdf. Retrieved 28 August 2008. 
  42. ^ "H-IIB Launch Vehicle, P. 2". Jaxa. http://www.jaxa.jp/pr/brochure/pdf/01/rocket05.pdf. Retrieved 3 September 2008. 
  43. ^ a b Space lauch report - launch success rates
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h "NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14. Retrieved 8 March 2011. 
  45. ^ Long March 1
  46. ^ 中国大推力火箭技术已被日本大幅超越, 长征三号甲火箭应用氢氧发动机.
  47. ^ a b "长征三号甲运载火箭简述". http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2007-09-13/103113882288.shtml. Retrieved 31 October 2011. 
  48. ^ a b "ChangZheng 5 (Long March 5) Launch Vehicle". SinoDefence.com. 2009-02-20. http://www.sinodefence.com/space/launcher/changzheng5.asp. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
  49. ^ "Complex N1-L3". Energia. http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3.html. 
  50. ^ Astronautix.com about N1-L3
  51. ^ S.P.Korolev RSC Energia about N1-L3 components
  52. ^ Wade, Mark. "N1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/n1.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2010. 
  53. ^ a b "Proton Launch System Mission Planner’s Guide, LKEB-9812-1990". International Launch Services. pp. 2–2. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20071027045349/http://www.ilslaunch.com/products/proton/protonmpg/protonr6/pmpg_2e.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-12. "LEO i = 51.6°, H = 200 km circular ... GTO (1800 m/s from GSO) i = 31.0°, Hp = 2100 km, Ha = 35,786 km" 
  54. ^ a b c d "Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit 1990-2000" (PDF). Futron. http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/Space_Transportation_Costs_Trends_0902.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 
  55. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica - Proton
  56. ^ a b "PSLV variants capability". ISRO. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JRgHKYCaeH4/S-mJE29KQwI/AAAAAAAAAJk/ctRSrE7P72c/s1600/PSLV+variants1.jpg. Retrieved 15 May 2010. 
  57. ^ a b c d e f Gunter, Krebs. "PSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60eAq5vzm. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  58. ^ Harvey, Brian (2007). "Launchers and engines". The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (1st ed.). Germany: Springer. ISBN 9780387713540. 
  59. ^ "Rockot Launch Vehicle". Khrunichev. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=43. 
  60. ^ Bilstein, Roger E.. "Appendix C: Saturn Family/Mission Data". Stages to Saturn A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. NASA History Office. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/app-c.htm. Retrieved 7 April 2011. 
  61. ^ a b "Rocket and Space Technology". braeunig. http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/saturn.htm. 
  62. ^ "SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision- Chapter 6: ECONOMICS AND THE SHUTTLE". NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch6.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-15. 
  63. ^ Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin, Saturn, 2005 (paperback, Apogee Books Space Series, 2010), ISBN 1894959191
  64. ^ John Duncan, Saturn V Flight History (1999), web page (accessed 20 August 2010)
  65. ^ "Iranian DM: Simorgh to Carry Tolou, Mesbah Satellites into Space". Fars News Agency. 2010-02-03. http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8811141592. Retrieved 2010-02-03. 
  66. ^ http://www.payvand.com/news/10/feb/1025.html
  67. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/594163main_2011-SLS_Industry_Day_Final_Public1-1_rev2.pdf
  68. ^ "The NASA Authorization Act of 2010". United States Senate. July 15, 2010. http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=Legislation&ContentRecord_id=8d7c1465-f852-4835-ba84-25faf56bbb36&ContentType_id=03ab50f5-55cd-4934-a074-d6928b9dd24c&Group_id=6eaa2a03-6e69-4e43-8597-bb12f4f5aede. Retrieved February 2, 2011. 
  69. ^ "Soyuz-U" launch vehicle State Research and Production Space-Rocket Center "TsSKB-Progress"
  70. ^ "Soyuz-FG" launch vehicle State Research and Production Space-Rocket Center "TsSKB-Progress"
  71. ^ [1]
  72. ^ a b "Stratolaunch Aims to Break Affordability Barrier". Aviation Week. 2011-12-13. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awx/2011/12/13/awx_12_13_2011_p0-405946.xml&headline=Stratolaunch%20Aims%20to%20Break%20Affordability%20Barrier. Retrieved 2011-12-15. 
  73. ^ Mecham, Michael; Frank Morring, Jr. (2011-12-20). "Allen Places Big Bet On Air Launches". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awst/2011/12/19/AW_12_19_2011_p26-406657.xml&headline=Allen%20Places%20Big%20Bet%20On%20Air%20Launches&prev=10. Retrieved 2011-12-23. "the overall team is still working through details of how to progress toward its 2016 first launch." 
  74. ^ a b "Taurus II User’s Manual, Rev. 1.3" (PDF). Orbital. April 2010. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Taurus_II_Guide.pdf. 
  75. ^ a b "Fact Sheet - TITAN IVB". United States Air Force. https://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/awc/space/factsheets/titan_ivb.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-12. 
  76. ^ Space Launch Report
  77. ^ ESA Website
  78. ^ a b Space launch report -zenit
  79. ^ Zenit launch log
Spaceflight lists and timelines
General
Human spaceflight
General
Solar System exploration
Earth-orbiting satellites
Vehicles
Launches by rocket type
Agencies, companies
and facilities
Other mission lists
and timelines