Cichorioideae | |
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Cichorium intybus | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Eudicots |
(unranked): | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Subfamily: | Cichorioideae |
Tribes | |
see text. |
Cichorioideae is a subfamily of the family Asteraceae of flowering plants. Familiar members of Cichorioideae include lettuce, dandelions and Gazanias. The subfamily comprises about 240 genera and about 2900 species. It is heterogeneous and hard to characterize except with molecular characters.
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The subfamily as understood in 1998 turned out to be paraphyletic, based on studies of DNA sequences, [1] so a number of tribes were moved to new subfamilies. Names for the new subfamilies were published in 2002. [2] In 2004, 2007, and 2008, molecular phylogenetic studies further clarified relationships within Cichorioideae.[3][4][5]
Major works on Asteraceae were published in 2007 and 2009. These were the only comprehensive treatments of the family since 1994.[6] In the 2007 book, Gundelia and Warionia were segregated from the tribe Cichorieae to form the tribe Gundelieae. Eremothamnus, Hoplophyllum, Heterolepis, and Platycarpha were placed incertae sedis in tribe Arctotideae, while Distephanus, Trichospira, Moquinia, and Pseudostifftia were placed in the tribe Vernonieae.[7] Some of this classification was not supported by phylogenetic studies that came out later.[3][5] For example, the tribe Arctotideae was only weakly supported as monophyletic, but its two subtribes, Arctotidinae and Gorteriinae were strongly supported.
In the 2009 book, Gundelieae was sunk into Cichorieae. The new tribe Platycarpheae was recognized, as well as the tribes Eremothamneae and Moquinieae. Heterolepis was placed in Arctotideae, at least provisoinally. Distephanus was not placed in Moquinieae or in Vernonieae, but is closely related to them.[8] Trichospira was placed in Vernonieae, but its inclusion there is in doubt.
Information on the taxonomy of the Asteraceae can be found at Taxonomy websites such as the Tree of Life Web Project.[9] More can be found at some of the biochemistry websites such as UniProt.[10]
The following phylogeny is from Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae, except that the tribe Gundelieae is recognized and the genus Trichospira is not included in Vernonieae.
Cichorioideae |
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The Wiktionary entry for cichorioideae Media related to [//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cichorioideae Cichorioideae] at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Cichorioideae at Wikispecies