Catalan conjugation

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This article discusses the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of the Catalan language, including Medieval Catalan. Each verbal form is accompanied by its phonetic transcription. Widely used dialectal forms are included here, even if they are not considered standard in either of the norms for written Catalan language, the one by Institut d'Estudis Catalans, mostly based on central Catalan, and the one by Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, mostly based on common Valencian. (Other dialectal forms do exist, among them characteristic forms of minor extreme dialects like Ribagorçan or Algherese, or transitional forms between major dialects, like the ones used in the lower Ebre basin area around Tortosa or in the Empordà).

The similarities with Occitan are noticeable. There is a visible divergence between Catalan and Occitan in the Catalan endings for all 2nd person plural, in -au, -eu, -iu, instead of Occitan ones: -atz, -etz, -itz. There are remarkable coincidences with Occitan in the evolution of new paradigms formed on the inchoative augment for the verbs with infinitives in -ir, or on the velar augment in the verbs with infinitives in -er or -re.

The most particular feature if Catalan language is the so called periphrastic preterite, which is constructed with characteristic forms of anar (to go) and the infinitive of the conjugated verb (e.g. vaig parlar, vas parlar, va parlar, vam parlar, vau parlar, van parlar). This tense is quite unique among romance languages, only shared with some Gascon and Aragonese (Benasque, Gistaín) dialects, and seems to have existed in Catalan at least since the 13th century.

In contemporary Catalan simple preterite indicative (the one descending from the Latin perfect tense) is used mostly in written form and it has been almost replaced by the periphrastic preterite in regular speech, although simple preterite indicative is still used in some dialects, as central Valencian and Catalan of Ibiza.

Another difference between contemporary Catalan and Medieval Catalan is the revamping of simple preterite indicative desinences from the etymological ones, to a new pattern based by analogy on the 3rd person plural, that is: from medieval desinences as -é,-ast,-à,-am,-às,-aren to modern ones as -í,-ares,-à,-àrem,-àreu,-aren. This change took place some time between 13th and 15th centuries.

At the same time, simple preterite subjunctive desinences in Valencian took a similar change from medieval desinences as -às,-asses,-às,-àssem,-àsseu,-assen to Valencian modern ones as -ara,-ares,-ara,-àrem,-àreu,-aren.

Contents

Verbs in -ar, so called 1st conjugation

This is the group most Catalan verbs belong to (aprox 86% of verbs in the dictionary). Examples include estimar ("to love"), esperar ("to wait" and "to hope"), menjar ("to eat") and pensar ("to think"). This is the only open verb class, that is, new verbs incorporated into the language are likely to follow this regular conjugation model. The only irregular verbs in this class are the idiosincratic anar ("to go", listed below) and estar ("to be, to stay"), which often act as auxiliary verbs.

Parlar ("to speak")

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
parlar [pəɾˈɫə] parlar [pəɾˈɫə] parlar [pəɾˈɫə] parlar [paɾˈɫa] parlar [paɾˈlar] parlar [paɾˈɫar]
Past Participle
parlat [pəɾˈɫat]
parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]		 parlat [pəɾˈɫat]
parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]		 parlat [pəɾˈɫat]
parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]		 parlat [paɾˈɫat]
parlada [paɾˈɫaðɛ][1]		 parlat [paɾˈlat]
parlada [paɾˈlaɛ][1][2]		 parlat [paɾˈɫat]
parlada [paɾˈɫaða]
Present Participle
parlant [pəɾˈɫan] parlant [pəɾˈɫant] parlant [pəɾˈɫan] parlant [paɾˈɫan] parlant [paɾˈlant] parlant [paɾˈɫant]
Imperative
parla! [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem! [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu! [pəɾˈɫɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem! [pəɾˈɫəm]
parlau! [pəɾˈɫaw][3]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem! [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu! [pəɾˈɫɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫa]
parlem! [paɾˈɫɛm]
parleu! [paɾˈɫɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾla]
parlem! [paɾˈlɛm]
parleu! [paɾˈlɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫa]
parlem! [paɾˈɫɛm]
parlau! [paɾˈɫaw][3]
Present indicative
parli [ˈpaɾɫi][4]
parles [ˈpaɾɫəs]
parla [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]		 parl [ˈpaɾɫ][5]
parles [ˈpaɾɫəs]
parla [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlam [pəɾˈɫam][3]
parlau [pəɾˈɫaw][3]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]		 parlo [ˈpaɾɫu]
parles [ˈpaɾɫəs]
parla [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]		 parlo [ˈpaɾɫo]
parles [ˈpaɾɫes]
parla [ˈpaɾɫɛ][6]
parlem [paɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [paɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫen]		 parle [ˈpaɾle][7]
parles [ˈpaɾles]
parla [ˈpaɾla]
parlem [paɾˈlɛm]
parleu [paɾˈlɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾlen]		 parl [ˈpaɾɫ] / parle [ˈpaɾɫe][5]
parles [ˈpaɾɫes]
parla [ˈpaɾɫa]
parlam [paɾˈɫam][3]
parlau [paɾˈɫaw][3]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫen]
Imperfect indicative
parlavi [pəɾˈɫaβi][4]
parlaves [pəɾˈɫaβəs]
parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə]
parlàvem [pəɾˈɫaβəm]
parlàveu [pəɾˈɫaβəw]
parlaven [pəɾˈɫaβən]		 parlava [pəɾˈɫavə]
parlaves [pəɾˈɫavəs]
parlava [pəɾˈɫavə]
parlàvem [pəɾˈɫavəm]
parlàveu [pəɾˈɫavəw]
parlaven [pəɾˈɫavən]		 parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə]
parlaves [pəɾˈɫaβəs]
parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə]
parlàvem [pəɾˈɫaβəm]
parlàveu [pəɾˈɫaβəw]
parlaven [pəɾˈɫaβən]		 parlava [paɾˈɫaβa]
parlaves [paɾˈɫaβes]
parlava [paɾˈɫaβɛ][6]
parlàvem [paɾˈɫaβem]
parlàveu [paɾˈɫaβew]
parlaven [paɾˈɫaβen]		 parlava [paɾˈlava]
parlaves [paɾˈlaves]
parlava [paɾˈlava]
parlàvem [paɾˈlavem]
parlàveu [paɾˈlavew]
parlaven [paɾˈlaven]		 parlava [paɾˈɫava]
parlaves [paɾˈɫaves]
parlava [paɾˈɫava]
parlàvem [paɾˈɫavɛm]
parlàveu [paɾˈɫavɛw]
parlaven [paɾˈɫaven]
Preterite indicative[8]
vai parlar [ˌbaj pəɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌbas pəɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌba pəɾˈɫa]
vem parlar [ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa]
veu parlar [ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌbam pəɾˈɫa]		 vaig parlar [ˌvatʃ pəɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌvas pəɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌva pəɾˈɫa]
vam parlar [ˌvam pəɾˈɫa]
vau parlar [ˌvaw pəɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌvam pəɾˈɫa]		 vaig parlar [ˌbatʃ pəɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌbas pəɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌba pəɾˈɫa]
vem parlar [ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa]
veu parlar [ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌbam pəɾˈɫa]		 vai parlar [ˌbaj paɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌbas paɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌba paɾˈɫa]
vam parlar [ˌbam paɾˈɫa]
vau parlar [ˌbaw paɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌbam paɾˈɫa]		 vaig parlar [ˌvatʃ paɾˈla] / parlí [paɾˈli]
vas parlar [ˌvas paɾˈla] / parlares [paɾˈlaɾes]
va parlar [ˌva paɾˈla] / parlà [paɾˈla]
vam parlar [ˌvam paɾˈla] / parlàrem [paɾˈlaɾem]
vau parlar [ˌvaw paɾˈla] / parlàreu [paɾˈlaɾew]
van parlar [ˌvam paɾˈla] / parlaren [paɾˈlaɾen]		 parlé [paɾˈɫe] / parlai [paɾˈɫaj]
parlast [paɾˈɫast]
parlà [paɾˈɫə]
parlam [paɾˈɫam]
parlàs [paɾˈɫas]
parlaren [paɾˈɫaɾen]
Future indicative
parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe]
parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas]
parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa]
parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾɛm]
parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾɛw]
parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]
 parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe]
parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas]
parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa]
parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾəm]
parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾəw]
parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]
 parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe]
parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas]
parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa]
parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾɛm]
parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾɛw]
parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]
 parlaré [paɾɫaˈɾe]
parlaràs [paɾɫaˈɾas]
parlarà [paɾɫaˈɾa]
parlarem [paɾɫaˈɾɛm]
parlareu [paɾɫaˈɾɛw]
parlaran [paɾɫaˈɾan]
 parlaré [paɾlaˈɾe]
parlaràs [paɾlaˈɾas]
parlarà [paɾlaˈɾa]
parlarem [paɾlaˈɾɛm]
parlareu [paɾlaˈɾɛw]
parlaran [paɾlaˈɾan]
 parlaré [paɾɫaˈɾe]
parlaràs [paɾɫaˈɾas]
parlarà [paɾɫaˈɾa]
parlarem [paɾɫaˈɾɛm]
parlareu [paɾɫaˈɾɛw]
parlaran [paɾɫaˈɾan]
Conditional
parlariï [pəɾɫəˈɾii][4]
parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]
parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]
parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]
parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]
 parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]
parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]
parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]
parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]
 parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]
parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]
parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]
parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]
 parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia]
parlaries [paɾɫaˈɾies]
parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾiɛ][6]
parlaríem [paɾɫaˈɾiem]
parlaríeu [paɾɫaˈɾiew]
parlarien [paɾɫaˈɾien]
 parlaria [paɾlaˈɾia]
parlaries [paɾlaˈɾies]
parlaria [paɾlaˈɾia]
parlaríem [paɾlaˈɾiem]
parlaríeu [paɾlaˈɾiew]
parlarien [paɾlaˈɾien]
 parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia]
parlaries [paɾɫaˈɾies]
parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia]
parlaríem [paɾɫaˈɾiɛm]
parlaríeu [paɾɫaˈɾiɛw]
parlarien [paɾɫaˈɾien]
Present subjunctive
parli [ˈpaɾɫi][9]
parlis [ˈpaɾɫis]
parli [ˈpaɾɫi]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]		 parli [ˈpaɾɫi][9]
parlis [ˈpaɾɫis]
parli [ˈpaɾɫi]
parlem [pəɾˈɫəm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫəw]
parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]		 parli [ˈpaɾɫi][9]
parlis [ˈpaɾɫis]
parli [ˈpaɾɫi]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]		 parlo [ˈpaɾɫo][10]
parlos [ˈpaɾɫos]
parlo [ˈpaɾɫo]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlon [ˈpaɾɫon]		 parle [ˈpaɾle][11]
parles [ˈpaɾles]
parle [ˈpaɾle]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾlen]		 parle [ˈpaɾle][11]
parles [ˈpaɾles]
parle [ˈpaɾle]
parlem [paɾˈlɛm]
parleu [paɾˈlɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾlen]
Past subjunctive
parlessi [pəɾˈɫesi][4]
parlessis [pəɾˈɫesis]
parlés [pəɾˈɫes]
parléssim [pəɾˈɫesim]
parléssiu [pəɾˈɫesiw]
parlessin [pəɾˈɫesin]		 parlàs [pəɾˈɫas][3]
parlassis [pəɾˈɫasis]
parlàs [pəɾˈɫas]
parlàssim [pəɾˈɫasim]
parlàssiu [pəɾˈɫasiw]
parlassin [pəɾˈɫasin]		 parlés [pəɾˈɫes]
parlessis [pəɾˈɫesis]
parlés [pəɾˈɫes]
parléssim [pəɾˈɫesim]
parléssiu [pəɾˈɫesiw]
parlessin [pəɾˈɫesin]		 parlessa [paɾˈɫesa]
parlesses [paɾˈɫeses]
parlés [paɾˈɫes]
parléssom [paɾˈɫesom]
parléssou [paɾˈɫesow]
parlessen [paɾˈɫesen]		 parlara [paɾˈlaɾa] [12]
parlares [paɾˈlaɾes]
parlara [paɾˈlaɾa]
parlàrem [paɾˈlaɾem]
parlàreu [paɾˈlaɾew]
parlaren [paɾˈlaɾen]		 parlàs [paɾˈɫas][3]
parlasses [paɾˈɫases]
parlàs [paɾˈɫas]
parlàssem [paɾˈɫasɛw]
parlàsseu [paɾˈɫasɛm]
parlassen [paɾˈɫasen]

Verbs in -ir, so called 3rd conjugation

This is the second largest group of regular verbs in the Catalan language (aprox 10% of verbs in the dictionary).

Most of the regular verbs of this group (about 91%) take the so called inchoative augment, which derives from the Latin inchoative suffix -ESC-. The particular form of the suffix varies among -eix-, -ix-, -esc-, -isc- (which might be realised as [ˈɛʃ, ˈiʃ, ˈɛsk, ˈisk] etc.) depending on the tense and the dialect. That suffix, which always carries the stress accent, is added to the basic root in some forms in particular (imperative 2nd person singular, and 1st,2nd,3rd singular and 3rd plural of indicative present and subjunctive present). E.g. servir gives imperative 2nd person singular serveix!, 3rd singular indicative present serveix, 3rd singular subjunctive present serveixi, etc.

Verbs in -ir with two stems, so called inchoatives: Servir ("to serve")

These verbs have a basic stem (e.g. serv-) and an extended stem (serveix-, servix-, servesc- or servisc-) used in some particular tenses. Examples of inchoative verbs include patir ("to suffer/endure") and partir ("to divide"), which give 3rd singular indicative present as pateix and parteix, respectively.

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
servir [səɾˈβi] servir [səɾˈvi] servir [səɾˈβi] servir [seɾˈβi] servir [seɾˈviɾ] servir [seɾˈviɾ]
Past Participle
servit [səɾˈβit]
servida [səɾˈβiðə]		 servit [səɾˈvit]
servida [səɾˈviðə]		 servit [səɾˈβit]
servida [səɾˈβiðə]		 servit [seɾˈβit]
servida [seɾˈβiðɛ][1]		 servit [seɾˈvit]
servida [seɾˈviɛ][1][2]		 servit [seɾˈvit]
servida [seɾˈviða]
Present Participle
servint [səɾˈβin] servint [səɾˈvint] servint [səɾˈβin] servint [seɾˈβin] servint [seɾˈvint] servint [seɾˈvint]
Imperative
serveix! [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim! [səɾˈβim]
serviu! [səɾˈβiw]		 serveix! [səɾˈvɛʃ]
serviguem! [səɾviˈɣəm]
serviu! [səɾˈviw]		 serveix! [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim! [səɾˈβim]
serviu! [səɾˈβiw]		 servix! [seɾˈβiʃ]
servim! [seɾˈβim]
serviu! [seɾˈβiw]		 servix! [seɾˈviʃ]
servim! [seɾˈvim]
serviu! [seɾˈviw]		 serveix! [seɾˈvɛʃ]
servim! [seɾˈvim]
serviu! [seɾˈviw]
Present indicative
serveixi [səɾˈβɛʃi][4]
serveixes [səɾˈβɛʃəs]
serveix [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim [səɾˈβim]
serviu [səɾˈβiw]
serveixen [səɾˈβɛʃən]		 servesc [səɾˈvɛsk][5]
serveixes [səɾˈvɛʃəs]
serveix [səɾˈvɛʃ]
servim [səɾˈvim]
serviu [səɾˈviw]
serveixen [səɾˈvɛʃən]		 serveixo [səɾˈβɛʃu]
serveixes [səɾˈβɛʃəs]
serveix [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim [səɾˈβim]
serviu [səɾˈβiw]
serveixen [səɾˈβɛʃən]		 servixo [seɾˈβiʃo]
servixes [seɾˈβiʃes]
servix [seɾˈβiʃ]
servim [seɾˈβim]
serviu [seɾˈβiw]
servixen [seɾˈβiʃen]		 servixc [seɾˈviʃk] / servisc [seɾˈvisk][5]
servixes [seɾˈviʃes]
servix [seɾˈviʃ]
servim [seɾˈvim]
serviu [seɾˈviw]
servixen [seɾˈviʃen]		 servesc [seɾˈvɛsk][5]
serveixes [seɾˈvɛʃes]
serveix [seɾˈvɛʃ]
servim [seɾˈvim]
serviu [seɾˈviw]
serveixen [seɾˈvɛʃen]
Imperfect indicative
serviï [səɾˈβii][4]
servies [səɾˈβiəs]
servia [səɾˈβiə]
servíem [səɾˈβiəm]
servíeu [səɾˈβiəw]
servien [səɾˈβiən]		 servia [səɾˈviə]
servies [səɾˈviəs]
servia [səɾˈviə]
servíem [səɾˈviəm]
servíeu [səɾˈviəw]
servien [səɾˈviən]		 servia [səɾˈβiə]
servies [səɾˈβiəs]
servia [səɾˈβiə]
servíem [səɾˈβiəm]
servíeu [səɾˈβiəw]
servien [səɾˈβiən]		 servia [seɾˈβia]
servies [seɾˈβies]
servia [seɾˈβiɛ][6]
servíem [seɾˈβiem]
servíeu [seɾˈβiew]
servien [seɾˈβien]		 servia [seɾˈvia]
servies [seɾˈvies]
servia [seɾˈvia]
servíem [seɾˈviem]
servíeu [seɾˈview]
servien [seɾˈvien]		 servia [seɾˈvia]
servies [seɾˈvies]
servia [seɾˈvia]
servíem [seɾˈviem]
servíeu [seɾˈview]
servien [seɾˈvien]
Preterite indicative[8]
serví
servires
serví
servírem
servíreu
serviren		 serví
servist
serví
servim
servís
serviren
Future indicative
serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran
Conditional
serviriï[4]
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria[6]
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien
Present subjunctive
serveixi[9]
serveixis
serveixi
servim
serviu
serveixin		 servesqui[9]
servesquis
servesqui
serviguem
servigueu
servesquin		 serveixi[9]
serveixis
serveixi
servim
serviu
serveixin		 servixo[10]
servixos
servixo
servim
serviu
servixon		 servixca/servisca
servixques/servisques
servixca/servisca
servim
serviu
servixquen/servisquen		 servesca
servesques
servesca
servim
serviu
servesquen
Past subjunctive
servissi[4]
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servís
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servís
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servís
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servira[12]
servires
servira
servírem
servíreu
serviren		 servís
servisses
servís
servíssem
servísseu
servissen

Verbs in -ir with only one stem: Dorm ("to sleep")

Examples of non-inchoative verbs include, fugir ("to flee") and morir ("to die"), which give 3rd singular indicative present as fuig and mor, respectively.

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
dormir [dur'mi] dormir [dur'mi] dormir [dur'mi] dormir [dor'mi] dormir [dor'mir] dormir [dor'mir]
Past Participle
dormit [dur'mit]
dormida [durˈmiðə]		 dormit [dur'mit]
dormida [durˈmiðə]		 dormit [dur'mit]
dormida [durˈmiðə]		 dormit [dor'mit]
dormida [dorˈmiðɛ][1]		 dormit [dor'mit]
dormida [dorˈmiɛ][1][2]		 dormit [dor'mit]
dormida [dorˈmiða]
Present Participle
dormint [dur'min] dormint [dur'mint] dormint [dur'min] dormint [dor'min] dormint [dor'mint] dormint [dor'mint]
Imperative
dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormiguem!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!
Present indicative
dormi ['dormi][4]
dormes
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorm ['dorm][5]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dormo ['dormu]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dormo ['dormo]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorm ['dorm][5]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorm ['dorm][5]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen
Imperfect indicative
dormiï [dur'mii][4]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [dorˈmiə]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [durˈmiə]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [dor'mia]
dormies
dormia [dorˈmiɛ][6]
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [dor'mia]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [dor'mia]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien
Preterite indicative[8]
dormí
dormires
dormí
dormírem
dormíreu
dormiren		 dormí
dormist
dormí
dormim
dormís
dormiren
Future indicative
dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran
Conditional
dormiriï[4]
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria[6]
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien
Present subjunctive
dormi[9]
dormis
dormi
dormim
dormiu
dormin		 dormi[9]
dormis
dormi
dormiguem
dormigueu
dormin		 dormi[9]
dormis
dormi
dormim
dormiu
dormin		 dormo[10]
dormos
dormo
dormim
dormiu
dormon		 dorma
dormes
dorma
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorma
dormes
dorma
dormim
dormiu
dormen
Past subjunctive
dormissi[4]
dormissis
dormís
dormíssim
dormíssiu
dormissin		 dormís
dormissis
dormís
dormíssim
dormíssiu
dormissin		 dormís
dormissis
dormís
dormíssim
dormíssiu
dormissin		 dormís
dormisses
dormís
dormíssem
dormísseu
dormissen		 dormira[12]
dormires
dormira
dormírem
dormíreu
dormiren		 dormís
dormisses
dormís
dormíssem
dormísseu
dormissen

Verbs in -re or -er, and also dir and dur, so called 2nd conjugation

This is the remaining group of verbs in the Catalan language (aprox 4% of verbs in the dictionary). It includes most of the irregular verbs, which are the most frequently used as well, as ser ("to be", listed below), haver ("to have", listed below), fer ("to do", listed below), veure ("to see"), poder ("can"), voler ("to want"), caldre ("must"), etc., and also the idiosincratic and irregular dir ("to say", listed below) and dur ("to take/get", listed below).

The letter immediately before the -re ending is always a consonant, or a consonantal u. Examples include perdre ("to lose"), rebre ("to receive"), vendre ("to sell"), valdre ("to be worth"), viure ("to live"), and seure ("to sit"). If the root consonant in the infinitive is a b, then the third person singular of indicative present will be spelt with a p instead, consequently, rebre will give rep.

There is a significative group of verbs in this group that present a supletive root with the so called velar augment (that is, adding -g- [ɣ] or -c [k] to the basic root) in some particular forms (most frequently, but not always: past participle, 1st person of indicative present, and all forms of indicative preterite, subjunctive present and subjunctive preterite. E.g. valdre gives valgut, valc, valguí, valgui, valgués; voler gives volgut, vull, volguí, vulgui, volgués; etc.

Batre ("to beat")

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
batre [ˈbatɾə] batre [ˈbatɾə] batre [ˈbatɾə] batre [ˈbatɾe] batre [ˈbatɾe] batre [ˈbatɾe]
Past Participle
batut [bəˈtut]
batuda [bəˈtuðə]		 batut [bəˈtut]
batuda [bəˈtuðə]		 batut [bəˈtut]
batuda [bəˈtuðə]		 batut [baˈtut]
batuda [baˈtuðɛ][1]		 batut [baˈtut]
batuda [baˈtuɛ][1][2]		 batut [baˈtut]
batuda [baˈtuða]
Present Participle
batent [bəˈten] batent [bəˈtent] batent [bəˈten] batent [baˈten] batent [baˈtent] batent [baˈtent]
Imperative
bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [bəˈtɛm]
bateu! [bəˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [bəˈtəm]
bateu! [bəˈtəw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [bəˈtɛm]
bateu! [bəˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [baˈtɛm]
bateu! [baˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [baˈtɛm]
bateu! [baˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [baˈtɛm]
bateu! [baˈtɛw]
Present indicative
bati[4]
bates
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bat[5]
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bato
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bato
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bat[5]
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bat[5]
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten
Imperfect indicative
batiï [bəˈtii][4]
baties [bəˈtiəs]
batia [bəˈtiə]
batíem [bəˈtiəm]
batíeu [bəˈtiəw]
batien [bəˈtiən]		 batia [bəˈtiə]
baties [bəˈtiəs]
batia [bəˈtiə]
batíem [bəˈtiəm]
batíeu [bəˈtiəw]
batien [bəˈtiən]		 batia [bəˈtiə]
baties [bəˈtiəs]
batia [bəˈtiə]
batíem [bəˈtiəm]
batíeu [bəˈtiəw]
batien [bəˈtiən]		 batia [ba'tia]
baties [ba'ties]
batia [baˈtiɛ][6]
batíem [ba'tiem]
batíeu [ba'tiew]
batien [ba'tien]		 batia [ba'tia]
baties [ba'ties]
batia [ba'tia]
batíem [ba'tiem]
batíeu [ba'tiew]
batien [ba'tien]		 batia [ba'tia]
baties [ba'ties]
batia [ba'tia]
batíem [ba'tiem]
batíeu [ba'tiew]
batien [ba'tien]
Preterite indicative[8]
batí
bateres
baté
batérem
batéreu
bateren		 baté
batest
baté
batem
batés
bateren
Future indicative
batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran
Conditional
batiriï[4]
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria[6]
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien
Present subjunctive
bati[9]
batis
bati
batem
bateu
batin		 bata
bates
bata
batem
bateu
baten		 bati[9]
batis
bati
batem
bateu
batin		 bato[10]
batos
bato
batem
bateu
baton		 bata
bates
bata
batem
bateu
baten		 bata
bates
bata
batem
bateu
baten
Past subjunctive
batessi[4]
batessis
batés
batéssim
batéssiu
batessin		 batés
batessis
batés
batéssim
batéssiu
batessin		 batés
batessis
batés
batéssim
batéssiu
batessin		 batés
batesses
batés
batéssem
batésseu
batessen		 batera[12]
bateres
batera
batérem
batéreu
bateren		 batés
batesses
batés
batéssem
batésseu
batessen

Irregular verbs

Ser or Ésser ("to be")

This auxiliary verb presents several different roots: s-, ess-, er-, sig- (from Latin ESSE), and for-, foss, fu- (from Latin perfect forms of ESSE, which already had analogous supletive roots). There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root sig-, for example in Ribargorçan indicative present.

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
ser [ˈsɛ] ser [ˈsə] / esser [əˈse] ser [ˈse] / ésser [ˈesə] ser [ˈse] ser [ˈseɾ] ésser [ˈeseɾ]
Past Participle
sigut
siguda		 sigut/set/estat
siguda/seta/estada		 sigut
siguda		 segut
seguda
Present Participle
siguent sent/siguent/essent sent/siguent sent/siguent
Imperative
sigues
siguem
sigueu
Present indicative
sun
es/ets
és
sem
seu
sun		 som
ets
és
som
sou
són		 sóc/so
ets
és
som
sou
són
Imperfect indicative
eri[4]
eres/érets
era
érem
éreu
eren		 era
eres
era
érem
éreu
eren
Preterite indicative[8]
fui
fores
fou
fórem
fóreu
foren		 fui
fuist/fost
fo/fou/fonc
fom/fórem
fos/fórets
foren
Future indicative
seré [səˈɾe]
seràs [səˈɾas]
serà [səˈɾa]
serem [səˈɾɛm]
sereu [səˈɾɛw]
seran [səˈɾan]		 seré [səˈɾe]
seràs [səˈɾas]
serà [səˈɾa]
serem [səˈɾɛm]
sereu [səˈɾɛw]
seran [səˈɾan]		 seré [səˈɾe]
seràs [səˈɾas]
serà [səˈɾa]
serem [səˈɾɛm]
sereu [səˈɾɛw]
seran [səˈɾan]		 siré [siˈɾe]
siràs [siˈɾas]
sirà [siˈɾa]
sirem [siˈɾɛm]
sireu [siˈɾɛw]
siran [siˈɾan]		 seré [seˈɾe]
seràs [seˈɾas]
serà [seˈɾa]
serem [seˈɾɛm]
sereu [seˈɾɛw]
seran [seˈɾan]		 seré [seˈɾe]
seràs [seˈɾas]
serà [seˈɾa]
serem [seˈɾɛm]
sereu [seˈɾɛw]
seran [seˈɾan]
Conditional
seriï[4]
series
seria
seríem
seríeu
serien		 seria
series
seria
seríem
seríeu
serien		 seria/fóra
series/fores
seria/fóra
seríem/fórem
seríeu/fóreu
serien/foren		 siria
siries
siria
siríem
siríeu
sirien		 seria
series
seria
seríem
seríeu
serien		 fóra
fores
fóra
fórem
fóreu
foren
Present subjunctive
sigui
siguis
sigui
siguem
sigueu
siguin		 sigui
siguis
sigui
siguem
sigueu
siguin		 sigui
siguis
sigui
siguem
sigueu
siguin		 sigo[10]
sigos
sigo
siguem
sigueu
sigon		 siga
sigues
sigue
siguem
sigueu
siguen
Past subjunctive
siguessi[4]
siguessis
sigués
siguéssim
siguéssiu
siguessin		 sigués
siguessis
sigués
siguéssim
siguéssiu
siguessin		 fos/sigués
fossis/siguessis
fos/sigués
fóssim/siguéssim
fóssiu/siguéssiu
fossin/siguessin		 fos
fosses
fos
fóssem
fósseu
fossen		 fóra
fores
fóra
fórem
fóreu
foren

Haver ("to have")

This auxiliary verb presents several different roots: h-, hav- and hag- (either [aɣ] or [aʒ]) (all from Latin HABERE). There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root hag-.

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
haver
Past Participle
havent
Present Participle
hagut
haguda
Imperative
Present indicative
he/haig
has
ha
hem
heu
han
Imperfect indicative
havia
havies
havia
havíem
havíeu
havien
Preterite indicative
Future indicative
hauré
hauràs
haurà
haurem
haureu
hauran
Conditional
hauria
hauries
hauria
hauríem
hauríeu
haurien
Present subjunctive
hagi
hagis
hagi
hàgim
hàgiu
hagin		 haja
hages
haja
hàgem
hàgeu
hagen		 haja
hages
haja
hàgem
hàgeu
hagen
Past subjunctive
hagués
haguessis
hagués
haguéssim
haguéssiu
haguessin		 hagués
haguesses
hagués
haguéssem
haguésseu
haguessen		 haguera
hagueres
haguera
haguérem
haguéreu
hagueren

Anar ("to go")

This verb presents two sets of different roots: ana-, ani- (from Latin AMBULARE, the second one a mix with Latin IRE) and va-,vag- [baʒ] (from Latin VADERE).

As you have seen, present of anar is used as an auxiliary verb to form the periphrastic preterite with the infinitive of the verb being conjugated. Notice the characteristic forms of this verb anar used as auxiliary verb are slightly different from the normal present when used as a full verb. In particular the 1st and 2nd plural forms are different: auxliary verb forms are vam and vau (or vem,veu depending on the dialect), full verb forms are anem and aneu (or anam,anau depending on the dialect).

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
anar anar anar anar anar anar
Past Participle
anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada
Present Participle
anant anant anant anant anant anant
Imperative
vés! [ˈbes]
anem! [əˈnɛm]
aneu! [əˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈves]
anem! [əˈnəm]
anau! [əˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈbes]
anem! [əˈnɛm]
aneu! [əˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈbes]
anem! [aˈnɛm]
aneu! [aˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈves]
anem! [aˈnɛm]
aneu! [aˈnɛw]
Present indicative
vaig [ˈbatʃ]
vas ['bas]
va [ˈba]
anem [əˈnɛm]
aneu [əˈnɛw]
van [ˈban]		 vaig [ˈvatʃ]
vas ['vas]
va [ˈva]
anam [əˈnam]
anau [əˈnaw]
van [ˈvan]		 vaig [ˈbatʃ]
vas ['bas]
va [ˈba]
anem [əˈnɛm]
aneu [əˈnɛw]
van [ˈban]		 vaig [ˈbatʃ]
vas ['bas]
va [ˈba]
anem [aˈnɛm]
aneu [aˈnɛw]
van [ˈban]		 vaig [ˈvatʃ]
vas ['vas]
va [ˈva]
anem [aˈnɛm]
aneu [aˈnɛw]
van [ˈvan]		 vaig [ˈvatʃ]
vas ['vas]
va [ˈva]
anam [aˈnɛm]
anau [aˈnɛw]
van [ˈvan]
Imperfect indicative
anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven
Preterite indicative
aní
anares
anà
anàrem
anàreu
anaren		 ané/aní
anàs/anist
anà
anam
anats
anaren
Future indicative
iré
iràs
irà
irem
ireu
iran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran
Conditional
iria
iries
iria
iríem
iríeu
irien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien
Present subjunctive
vagi
vagis
vagi
anem
aneu
vagin		 vagi
vagis
vagi
anem
aneu
vagin		 vagi
vagis
vagi
anem
aneu
vagin		 vaja
vages
vaja
anem
aneu
vagen		 vaja
vages
vaja
anem
aneu
vagen		 vaja
vages
vaja
anem
aneu
vagen
Past subjunctive
anéssi
anessis
anés
anéssim
anéssiu
anessin		 anàs
anassis
anàs
anàssim
anàssiu
anassin		 anés
anessis
anés
anéssim
anéssiu
anessin		 anés
anessis
anés
anéssim
anéssiu
anessin		 anara
anares
anara
anàrem
anàreu
anaren

Fer ("to do")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: fe-, fa-, fac- [fas] (all from Latin FACERE). There are more dialectal (and non-standard) forms based on the root fag- [faʒ], by analogy on haver, for example in central Catalan subjunctive present.

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
fer
Past Participle
fet
feta
Present Participle
fent
Imperative
fé
facem!
feis!		 fes
fem!
feu!		 fes
fem!
feu!		 fes
fem!
feu!		 fes
fem!
feu!
Present indicative
faç
fas
fa
faim
fais
fan		 faig
fas
fa
fem
feu
fan		 faig
fas
fa
fem
feu
fan
Imperfect indicative
feia
feies
feia
feiem
feieu
feien
Preterite indicative
fiu
feres
féu
férem
féreu
feren		 fiu
faist/fist
féu
faem
faés/fés
feren
Future indicative
faré
faràs
farà
farem
fareu
faran
Conditional
faria
faries
faria
faríem
faríeu
farien
Present subjunctive
faci
facis
faci
facem
faceu
facin		 faci
facis
faci
fem
feu
facin		 faça
faces
faça
fem
feu
facen
Past subjunctive
fes
fessis
fes
féssim
féssiu
fessin		 fes
fesses
fes
féssem
fésseu
fessen		 fera
feres
fera
férem
féreu
feren

Dir ("to say")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: di-, diu- [diw], dei- [dɛj], dig- [diɣ], dic- [dik] (all from Latin DICERE). There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root dig-, specially in Balearic varieties.

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdir] dir [ˈdir]
Past Participle
dit
dita
Present Participle
dient
Imperative
digues!
diguem!
digau!		 digues!
diguem!
digueu!
Present indicative
dic
dius
diu
deim
deis
diuen		 dic
dius
diu
diem
dieu
diuen
Imperfect indicative
deia
deies
deia
dèiem
dèieu
deien
Preterite indicative
diguí
digueres
digué
diguérem
diguéreu
digueren		 dix
dixist
dix
dixem
dixest
dixeren
Future indicative
diré
diràs
dirà
direm
direu
diran
Conditional
diria
diries
diria
diríem
diríeu
dirien
Present subjunctive
digui [ˈdiɣi]
diguis [ˈdiɣis]
digui [ˈdiɣi]
diguem [diˈɣɛm]
digueu [diˈɣɛw]
diguin [ˈdiɣin]
Past subjunctive
digués
diguessis
digués
diguéssim
diguéssiu
diguessin

Dur ("to take/get")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: du-, dui- [duj], dug- [duɣ], duc- [duk] (all from Latin DUCERE). There are more dialectal forms with velar augment based on the root dug-, specially in Balearic varieties.

Northern Catalan Balearic Central Catalan North-Western Catalan Valencian Medieval Catalan
Infinitive
dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdur] dur [ˈdur]
Past Participle
duit [ˈdujt]
duita [ˈdujtə]		 dut [ˈdut]
duta [ˈdutə]
Present Participle
duent
Imperative
duu!
duguem!
duis!		 duu!
duguem!
dueu!		 dus!
duguem!
dueu!		 dus!
duguem!
dueu!
Present indicative
duc [ˈduk]
duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus]
duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu]
duim [ˈdujm]
duis [ˈdujs]
duen [ˈduən]		 duc [ˈduk]
duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus]
duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu]
duem [duˈɛm]
dueu [duˈɛw]
duen [ˈduən]		 duc [ˈduk]
duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus]
duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu]
duem [duˈɛm]
dueu [duˈɛw]
duen [ˈduen]
Imperfect indicative
duia
duies
duia
duiem
duieu
duien
Preterite indicative
duguí
dugueres
dugué
duguérem
duguéreu
dugueren		 dux
duxist
dux
duxem
duxest
duxeren
Future indicative
duré
duràs
durà
durem
dureu
duran
Conditional
duria
duries
duria
duríem
duríeu
durien
Present subjunctive
dugui [ˈduɣi]
duguis [ˈduɣis]
dugui [ˈduɣi]
duguem [duˈɣɛm]
dugueu [duˈɣɛw]
duguin [ˈduɣin]
Past subjunctive
dugués
duguessis
dugués
duguéssim
duguéssiu
duguessin

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Occidental Catalan dialects have femenine participle ending in -[ɛ].
  2. ^ a b c d Valencian drops intervocalic -d- in femenine participle.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Medieval Catalan had etymological -a- in the desinence of several forms for 1st conjugation verbs. Only Balearic Catalan has preserved most of them. In particular: imperative 2nd person plural, indicative present 1st and 2nd persons plural, and all forms of subjunctive preterite.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Northern Catalan has -i ending in 1st person singular in indicative present, indicative imperfect preferite, simple conditional, and subjunctive preterite for all conjugations. This is a notable coincidence with Gascon and Lengadocian.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Medieval Catalan had no ending in the desinence of indicative present 1st person singular for all conjugations, althought some verbs with roots ending in complex consonantal sequences added a final support vowel -e. Balearic Catalan and Valencian have preserved this state in diverse degrees.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i North-Western Catalan has -[ɛ ] ending in 3rd person singular in present indicative, imperfect indicative, and simple conditional.
  7. ^ Valencian has -e ending in indicative present 1st person singular for 1st conjugation.
  8. ^ a b c d e In most Catalan dialects simple preterite indicative has been replaced by the so called periphrastic preterite, which is constructed with characteristic forms of anar (to go) and the infinitive of the conjugated verb.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Oriental Catalan dialects have changed subjunctive present mark to -i- for 1st,2nd,3rd singular and 3rd plural persons.
  10. ^ a b c d e North-Western Catalan has subjunctive present mark to -o- for 1st,2nd,3rd singular and 3rd plural persons.
  11. ^ a b Medieval Catalan had subjunctive present mark -e- in all forms for 1st conjugation, only Valencian has preserved it so.
  12. ^ a b c d Valencian has changed subjunctive preterite marks to -r- in all forms, by analogy with indicative preterite.

See also

Bibliography