| Carangoides | |
|---|---|
| The island trevally, Carangoides orthogrammus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Suborder: | Percoidei |
| Superfamily: | Percoidea |
| Family: | Carangidae |
| Genus: | Carangoides Bleeker, 1851 |
| Type species | |
| Caranx praeustus Anonymous [Bennett], 1830 |
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| Species | |
|
See text for species |
|
| Synonyms | |
Carangoides is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family, Carangidae. They are small to large sized, deep bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker and jaw morphology, often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus Caranx. They inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, often occupying coastal areas including reefs, bays and estuaries, rarely venturing far offshore. They are all predatory fishes, taking a variety of smaller fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. The genus was first erected in 1851 by Pieter Bleeker for an unknown taxon and currently contains 21 species. Many make up significant proportions of various fisheries, although they have had a number of Ciguatera cases attributed to them.
Contents |
The genus Carangoides is one of 31 genera in the jack and horse mackerel family, Carangidae, which are Perciform fishes in the suborder Percoidei.[1] A number of recent phylogenetic studies on the family has placed Carangoides in the subfamily Caranginae (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the genera Alectis, Atropus, Selene and Uraspis.[2][3]
Carangoides was created by Pieter Bleeker in 1851 to accommodate a species of carangid fish, although the species he created the genus for is unknown. To rectify this, Caranx praeustus was selected to be the type species of the genus.[4] Carangid classification was initially very difficult, with many genera and species described, many of which were synonymous. Later reviews of the family eventually placed 21 species into Carangoides, leaving a number of genera synonymous with it.[5] Carangoides takes priority over these other genera because its type species, Caranx praeustus, was described by an unknown author before the other species and genera were erected. The species of the genus are often referred to as jacks or trevallies, and sometimes more specifically as 'island jacks'. The name Carangoides is derived from the French carangue, meaning 'fish of the Caribbean'.[5]
The following is a list of all extant species in the genus Carangoides according to FishBase
In their general morphology, the species of Carangoides are very similar to a number of other carangid genera, especially Caranx. They grow to a range of sizes, most attaining a length less than 50 cm, although the largest fish of the genus reaching at least 1 m and over 65 kg in weight.[6] They have a relatively deep, compressed body, with the dorsal profile usually far more convex than the ventral, with a tapering posterior. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first consisting of spines, and the second of one or two spines followed by a number of soft rays. The anal fin has detached spines preceding a long soft ray section headed by up to two spines. The caudal fin is large and forked and the pectoral fin is large, usually longer than the head. All species have scutes on the posterior section of their lateral line.[6]
The genus is defined as having gill rakers of normal length and shape, with a total number of gill rakers between 21 and 37 on the first gill arch. Both upper and lower jaws have a band of teeth present and the breast is naked ventrally to completely scaled.[4][6]
The species are often dull in coloration, mostly being silver, getting darker dorsally and lighter ventrally. Often they have green or blue tinges to their body, but fade rapidly after death. A few such as the orangespotted trevally have far more brilliant coloration, incorporating bright orange and yellow spotting. The fins are usually hyaline to grey, and occasionally blue or yellow.[7]
The species of Carangoides are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical oceans of the world, occupying the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. They occur on the coastlines of countries in this range, although are most prolific in the Indo-Pacific region, having high species densities around South East Asia, Indonesia and northern Australia.[5]
Most species are coastal in nature, inhabiting continental shelf marine environments including reefs, bays, sandflats, lagoons and even estuaries.[6]
The species of Carangoides are mostly schooling in nature, becoming more solitary with age. They are all predatory, taking a variety of fish, cephalopods and crustaceans.[6] Like all of the Carangidae, they are non guarding, oviparous fishes that display differing reproductive traits and timing between species.[5]
All of the species are of minor to significant importance to fisheries, with some also being of interest to recreational fishermen. Like all jacks and trevallies, they can be caught on a variety of baits and lures, and with some members reaching 1 m in length, are considered formidable game fish.[8] They are generally considered to be excellent to fair table fish,[9] although there have been a number of ciguatera poisonings linked to the species of this genus. As with all tropical fish, consuming smaller fish carries a lesser risk of being affected by the disease, with larger fish having accumulated more of the toxin.[10]