Candidatus philologiæ

Candidatus philologiae (male) or Candidata philologiae (female), often abbreviated cand.philol. is an academic degree in Arts and Letters at Danish and Norwegian universities. A cand.philol. is generally considered equivalent to the British Master of Philosophy, the French diplôme d'études approfondies (or DEA) or the Spanish Diploma de Estudios Avanzados (also DEA). It can also be considered to be roughly equivalent to a two-year or scientific Master's degree, but the cand.philol. consists of 4+2 years, in contrast with 3+2 years used for Master's degrees in many other countries. The degree was previously considered an entry-level scientific degree for careers in academia, with doctorates more commonly being awarded at a later stage in the career. The degree was replaced formally in Norway by the Bachelor/Master (3+2) system in 2003 and also lost importance as a more internationally streamlined Ph.D. was gradually introduced after the 1980s.