Caló (also known as Pachuco) is an argot or slang of Mexican Spanish which originated during the first half of the 20th century in the Southwestern United States. It is the product of zoot-suit pachuco culture.
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According to Chicano artist and writer José Antonio Burciaga:
"Caló originally defined the Spanish gypsy dialect. But Chicano Caló is the combination of a few basic influences: Hispanicized English; Anglicized Spanish; and the use of archaic 15th-century Spanish words such as truje for traje (brought, past tense of verb 'to bring'), or haiga, for haya (from haber, to have). These words were left in isolated pockets of Northern New Mexico and the Southwest, especially New Mexico, by conquistadores españoles."
He goes on to describe the speech of his father, a native El Pasoan:
"My father had a vocabulary of Spanish words that to this day are not found in popular Spanish language dictionaries. He was born into a poor, migrant farm working family in a community of people that still used ancient words that some found improper and backwards but are to be found in Miguel Cervantez's [sic] classic Don Quixote. My father commonly used words such as minjurne for mixture, or cachibaches (also used in Cuban Spanish) for junk. I would hear them without knowing their definition but I knew exactly what he meant when talking within a specific context. Some words were archaic, others were a combination of English and Spanish. And though he knew "standard" Spanish of "educated" people, he also worked, lived, laughed and cried with words that were more expressive and indigenous to the border than standard Spanish."
The Caló of El Paso was probably influenced by the wordplay common to the speech of residents of the Tepito barrio of Mexico City. One such resident was the comic film actor Germán Valdés, a native of Mexico City who grew up in Ciudad Juárez (just across the US-Mexico border from El Paso), whose films did much to popularize the language in Mexico and the United States.
Caló has evolved in every decade since the 1940-1950s. It underwent much change during the Chicano Movement of the 1960s as Chicanos began to enter U.S. universities and become exposed to counterculture and psychedelia. Caló words and expressions became cultural symbols of the Chicano Movement during the 1960s and 1970s, when they were used frequently in literature and poetry. Such language was sometimes known as floricanto. Caló enjoyed mainstream exposure when the character "Cheech", played by Cheech Marin used Caló in the Cheech and Chong movies of the 1970s.
By the 1970s, the term Pachuco was frequently shortened to "'Chuco". The Pachuco originated from El Paso, Texas, which was the root of the city's nickname, "Chuco Town". Pachucos usually dressed in zoot suits with wallet chains, round hats with feathers and were Chicanos.
Caló is not to be confused with Spanglish, which is not limited to Mexican Spanish. It is similar to lunfardo in that it has an eclectic and multilingual vocabulary.
Caló, like Spanglish, makes heavy use of Code-switching. Unlike Spanglish, Caló uses rhyming and in some cases, a type of rhyming slang similar in Spanish to Cockney rhyming slang or African American Jive.
Since Caló is primarily spoken by individuals with varying formal knowledge of Spanish or English, variations occur in words, especially of phonemes pronounced similarly in Spanish: c/s, w/hu/gu, r/d, and b/v. It is common to see the word "Barrio" (Neighborhood) spelled as "Varrio", "Vato" (Dude) spelled as "Bato" or "Güero" (Blond person) spelled as "Huero" or even "Weddo". The translations should not be taken literally: in the examples below, one finds Spanish equivalents to English phrases like "See you later alligator.", "No way Jose.", etc..
Occasionally English is spoken with Spanish syntax. When speaking to a sibling or family member about parents, for example, a Caló speaker will refer to them as "My Mother" (Mi Mamá) instead of "Mom" or "Our mother". This is a similar phenomenon to the Yinglish phrase "I want you should...".
Rhyming is sometimes used by itself and for emphasis. Common phrases include:
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