Oktoberfest, or Wiesn, is a 16 day festival held annually in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, running from late September to the first weekend in October. It is one of the most famous events in Germany and is the world's largest fair, with more than 5 million people attending every year. The Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture, having been held since 1810. Other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations, modeled after the Munich event.
The Munich Oktoberfest originally took place during the sixteen days up to and including the first Sunday in October. In 1994, the schedule was modified in response to German reunification so that if the first Sunday in October falls on the 1st or 2nd, then the festival would go on until October 3 (German Unity Day). Thus, the festival is now 17 days when the first Sunday is October 2 and 18 days when it is October 1. In 2010, the festival lasted until the first Monday in October, to mark the 200-year anniversary of the event. The festival is held in an area named the Theresienwiese (field, or meadow, of Therese), often called Wiesn for short, located near Munich's center.Large quantities of Oktoberfest Beer are consumed, with almost 7 million liters served during the 16 day festival in 2007. Visitors may also enjoy a wide variety of traditional food such as Hendl (chicken), Schweinebraten (roast pork), Schweinshaxe (grilled ham hock), Steckerlfisch (grilled fish on a stick), Würstl (sausages) along with Brezn (Pretzel), Knödel (potato or bread dumplings), Kasspatzn (cheese noodles), Reiberdatschi (potato pancakes), Sauerkraut or Rotkohl/Blaukraut (red cabbage) along with such Bavarian delicacies as Obatzda (a spiced cheese-butter spread) and Weisswurst (a white sausage).
Contents |
Only beer according to the
Upon passing this criterion, a beer is designated Oktoberfest Beer.
Oktoberfest Beer is a registered Trademark by the Club of Munich Brewers.
Only six Breweries are passed this criterion these are:
no other Beerbrand's are sold on this Festival.
Crown Prince Ludwig, later to become King Ludwig I, was married to Princess Therese of Bavaria on October 12,1810. The citizens of Munich were invited to attend the festivities held on the fields in front of the city gates to celebrate the happy royal event. The fields have been named Theresienwiese ("Theresa's meadow") in honor of the Crown Princess ever since, although the locals have since abbreviated the name simply to the "Wies'n".
Horse races in the presence of the Royal Family marked the close of the event that was celebrated as a festival for the whole of Bavaria. The decision to repeat the horse races in the subsequent year gave rise to the tradition of the Oktoberfest.
"The festival was eventually prolonged and moved ahead to September to allow for better weather conditions. Today, the last day of the festival is the first Sunday in October. In 2006, the Oktoberfest extended two extra days because the first Tuesday, October 3, was a national holiday. Over the past 200 years, Oktoberfest was canceled 24 times due to cholera epidemics and war."[1]
In 1811, an agricultural show was added to promote Bavarian agriculture. The horse race persisted until 1960, the agricultural show still exists and is held every four years on the southern part of the festival grounds. In 1816, carnival booths appeared; the main prizes were silver, porcelain, and jewelry. The founding citizens of Munich assumed responsibility for festival management in 1819, and it was decided to make the Oktoberfest an annual event. Later, it was lengthened and the date pushed forward, because days are longer and warmer at the end of September.
To honour the marriage of Prince Ludwig and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, a parade took place for the first time in 1810. Since 1850, this has become an annual event and an important component of the Oktoberfest. Eight thousand people—mostly from Bavaria—in traditional costumes walk from Maximilian Street through the centre of Munich to the Oktoberfest grounds. The march is led by the Münchner Kindl.
Since 1850, the statue of Bavaria has watched the Oktoberfest. This worldly Bavarian patron was first sketched by Leo von Klenze in a classic style and Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler romanticised and "Germanised" the draft. The statue was constructed by Johann Baptist Stiglmaier and Ferdinand von Miller.
In 1853, the Bavarian Ruhmeshalle was completed. In 1854, the festival was cancelled after 3,000 residents of Munich died during a cholera epidemic. There was no Oktoberfest in 1866 because Bavaria was involved in the Austro-Prussian War. In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War forced the cancellation of the festival. In 1873, the festival was cancelled due to another cholera epidemic. In 1880, the electric light illuminated more than 400 booths and tents. In 1881, booths selling bratwurst opened. Beer was first served in glass mugs in 1892.
At the end of the 19th century, a re-organization took place. Until then, there were games of skittles, large dance floors, and trees for climbing in the beer booths. Organizers wanted more room for guests and musicians. The booths became beer halls.
In 1887, the Entry of the Oktoberfest Staff and Breweries took place for the first time. This event showcases the splendidly decorated horse teams of the breweries and the bands that play in the festival tents. This event always takes place on the first Saturday of the Oktoberfest and serves as the official prelude to the Oktoberfest celebration
In 1910, Oktoberfest celebrated its 100th anniversary. Some 120,000 litres of beer were poured. In 1913, the Bräurosl was founded, which was the largest Oktoberfest beer tent ever, with room for about 12,000 people.
From 1914 to 1918, World War I prevented the celebration of Oktoberfest. In 1919 and 1920, the two years after the war, Munich celebrated only an "Autumn Fest." In 1923 and 1924, the Oktoberfest was not held due to inflation.
In 1933, the Bavarian white and blue flag was replaced with the swastika flag. During World War II,, from 1939 to 1945, no Oktoberfest took place. Following the war, from 1946 to 1948, Munich celebrated only the "Autumn Fest." The sale of proper Oktoberfest beer—2% stronger in alcohol than normal beer—was not permitted; guests could only drink normal beer.
Since its beginnings the Oktoberfest has been canceled 24 times due to war, disease and other crises.
Since 1950, there has been a traditional festival opening: A twelve gun salute and the tapping of the first keg of Oktoberfest beer at 12:00 by the incumbent Mayor of Munich with the cry "O' zapft is!" ("It's tapped!" in the Austro-Bavarian language) opens the Oktoberfest. The Mayor then gives the first beer to the Minister-President of the State of Bavaria. The first mayor to tap the keg was Thomas Wimmer.
Horse races ended in 1960.
By 1960, the Oktoberfest had turned into an enormous world-famous festival. Since then, foreigners began to picture Germans as wearing the Sennerhut, Lederhosen, and the girls in Dirndl.
Traditional visitors wear during the Oktoberfest Bavarian hats (Tirolerhüte), which contain a tuft of goat hair. In Germany, goat hair is highly valued and prized, making it one of the most expensive objects for sale. The more tufts of goat hair on your hat, the wealthier you are considered to be. Technology helping, this tradition ended with the appearance of cheap goat hair imitations on the market.
There are many problems every year with young people who overestimate their ability to handle large amounts of alcohol. Many forget that Oktoberfest beer has 5.8 to 6.3% alcohol and high sugar content (compared to an average of 5.2% of alcohol and low sugar content in German beer), and they pass out due to drunkenness. These drunk patrons are often called "Bierleichen" (German for "beer corpses").
For them as well as for the general medical treatment of visitors the Bavarian branch of German Red Cross operates an aid facility and provides emergency medical care on the festival grounds, staffed with around 100 volunteer medics and doctors per day.[2] They serve together with special detachments of Munich police, fire department and other municipal authorities in the service centre at the Behördenhof (authorities' court), a large building specially built for the Oktoberfest at the east side of the Theresienwiese, just behind the tents. There is also a place for lost & found children, a lost property office, a security point for women and other public services.
To keep the Oktoberfest, and especially the beer tents, friendly for older people and families, the concept of the "quiet Oktoberfest" was developed in 2005. Until 6:00 pm, the tents only play quiet music, for example traditional wind music. Only after that will Schlager and pop music be played, which had led to more violence in earlier years.[3] The music played in the afternoon is limited to 85 decibels. With these rules, the organisers of the Oktoberfest were able to curb the over-the-top party mentality and preserve the traditional beer tent atmosphere.
Since 2005 the last travelling Enterprise ride of Germany, called Mondlift, is back on the Oktoberfest.
Starting in 2008, a new Bavarian law intended to ban smoking in all enclosed spaces that are open to the public, even at the Oktoberfest. Because of problems enforcing the anti-smoking law in the big tents there was an exception for the Oktoberfest 2008, although the sale of tobacco was not allowed. After heavy losses in the 2008 local elections with the smoke ban being a big issue in debates, the state's ruling party meanwhile implemented special exemptions to beer tents and small pubs. The change in regulation is aimed in particular at large tents at the Oktoberfest:[4] So, smoking in the tents is still legal, but the tents usually have non-smoking areas.[5] The sale of tobacco in the tents is now legal, but it is abandoned by agreement. However, in early 2010 a referendum held in Bavaria as a result of a popular initiative re-instituted the original, strict, smoking ban of 2008; thus, no beer will be sold to people caught smoking in the tents.[6] The blanket smoking ban will not take effect until 2011, but all tents will institute the smoking ban this year as to do the "dry run" to identify any unforeseeable issues. The common issue when the smoking ban is in effect is the nauseating stench of stale beer spilled on the floor, which the smoking masked.[7]
2010 marks the 200 year anniversary of Oktoberfest. For the anniversary, there was a horse race in historical costumes on opening day. A so-called "Historische Wiesn" (historical Oktoberfest) took place, starting one day earlier than usual on the southern part of the festival grounds. A specially brewed beer (solely available at the tents of the historical Oktoberfest), horse races, and a museum tent gave visitors an impression of how the event felt a century ago.
A pipe bomb was set off in a dustbin at the restrooms at the main entrance on September 26, 1980 at 22:19. The bomb consisted of an empty fire extinguisher filled with 1.39 kilograms of TNT and mortar shells. Thirteen people were killed, over 201 were injured, 68 seriously. This was the second deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Germany after the Munich Massacre. Governmental authorities propounded a summary of official inquires, purporting that a right-wing extremist Gundolf Köhler from Donaueschingen, a social outcast who was killed in the explosion, was the lone perpetrator. However, this account is strongly disputed by various groups.[8]
The Oktoberfest is known as the Largest Volksfest (People's Fair) in the World.[9] In 1999 there were six and a half million visitors[10] to the 42 hectare Theresienwiese. 72% of the people are from Bavaria.[11] 15% of visitors come from foreign countries like the surrounding EU-countries and other non-European countries including the United States, Canada, Australia and East Asia.[12]
Besides the Oktoberfest, there are other public festivals that take place at the same location. In April/May it's the Munich Frühlingsfest (Spring Festival) and Tollwood-Festival in December with 650,000 visitors.
After the Oktoberfest the next largest people fairs in Germany are the Cranger Kirmes in Herne (Wanne-Eickel) (the largest fair in Northrhine-Westphalia) with 4.7 million visitors, the Rheinkirmes in Düsseldorf (called Largest Fair on the Rhine) and the Freimarkt in Bremen (the oldest fair in Germany, held since 1035, and the biggest fair in northern Germany) with about 4 million visitors per year each, followed by the Cannstatter Volksfest in Stuttgart with about 3 million visitors each year and the "Schützenfest Hannover", the world's largest marksmen's Fun Fair in Hanover with about 2 million visitors per year.
| Year | Dates | Special Features |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Sep 16 – Oct 3 | |
| 2001 | Sep 22 – Oct 7 | |
| 2002 | Sep 21 – Oct 6 | |
| 2003 | Sep 20 – Oct 5 | |
| 2004 | Sep 18 – Oct 3 | with ZLF* |
| 2005 | Sep 17 – Oct 3 | 17 days |
| 2006 | Sep 16 – Oct 3 | 18 days |
| 2007 | Sep 22 – Oct 7 | |
| 2008 | Sep 20 – Oct 5 | 175th Oktoberfest (with ZLF*) |
| 2009 | Sep 19 – Oct 4 | |
| 2010 | Sep 18 – Oct 4 | 200 year Anniversary (with BLF) |
| 2011 | Sep 17 – Oct 3 | 17 days |
| 2012 | Sep 22 – Oct 7 | |
| 2013 | Sep 21 – Oct 6 | |
| 2014 | Sep 20 – Oct 5 | |
| 2015 | Sep 19 – Oct 4 |
* Bayerisches Zentral-Landwirtschaftsfest (Bavarian Central Agriculture Fair)
During the last years the prices per Maß (1 liter stein) steadily increased (prices given in Euros):[13]
| Location | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammer | 6,54 | 6,80 | 6,80 | 8,10 | 8,30 | 8,40 |
| Armbrustschützen | 6,49 | 6,75 | 6,75 | 8,20 | 8,55 | 8,75 |
| Augustiner Festhalle | 6,39 | 6,65 | 6,65 | 8,20 | 8,50 | 8,70 |
| Bräurosl-Festhalle | 6,39 | 6,70 | 6,70 | 8,25 | 8,55 | 8,80 |
| Bullinger Wurst | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Feisinger's Kas- und Weinstub'n | – | – | – | – | ||
| Fischer-Vroni | 6,49 | 6,80 | 6,80 | 8,25 | 8,60 | 8,90 |
| Glöckle Wirt | 6,29 | 6,70 | 6,70 | 8,10 | 8,40 | 8,70 |
| Hacker Festhalle | 6,54 | 6,80 | 6,80 | 8,30 | 8,60 | 8,80 |
| Heilmaier (Heinz) | 6,29 | 6,60 | 6,60 | 7,90 | 8,10 | 8,40 |
| Heimer Entenbraterei | 6,29 | 6,45 | 6,65 | 8,00 | 8,30 | 8,60 |
| Hippodrom | 6,54 | 6,70 | 6,70 | 8,30 | 8,60 | 8,80 |
| Hochreiter Haxnbraterei | 6,39 | 6,55 | 6,60 | 7,90 | 8,40 | 8,40 |
| Hochreiter, Zur Bratwurst | – | – | – | 8,10 | 8,60 | 8,60 |
| Hofbräu | 6,47 | 6,75 | 6,75 | 8,25 | 8,55 | 8,80 |
| Käfer Wiesn Schänke | 6,54 | 6,80 | 6,80 | 8,30 | 8,60 | 8,80 |
| Kalbskuchl | – | – | – | 7,90 | 8,30 | 8,40 |
| Knödelei | – | – | – | – | 8,50 | 8,60 |
| Löwenbräu Festhalle | 6,49 | 6,80 | 6,80 | 8,30 | 8,60 | 8,85 |
| Nürnberger Bratwurst Glöckl | 6,34 | 6,60 | 6,60 | – | – | – |
| Münchner Knödelei | – | 6,50 (new) | 6,60 | |||
| Ochsenbraterei/Spatenbräu Festhalle | 6,47 | 6,75 | 6,75 | 8,25 | 8,60 | 8,75 |
| Paulaner Festhalle (Winzerer Fähndl) | 6,44 | 6,70 | 6,70 | 8,25 | 8,60 | 8,80 |
| Poschner | 6,24 | 6,50 | 6,50 | 8,10 | 8,20 | 8,40 |
| Schauer | – | – | – | 7,95 | 8,20 | – |
| Schottenhamel | 6,49 | 6,80 | 6,80 | 8,30 | 8,60 | 8,80 |
| Schützen-Festhalle | 6,49 | 6,75 | 6,75 | 8,30 | 8,30 | 8,80 |
| Sieber | 5,98 | 6,30 | 6,40 | |||
| Vinzenz Murr | – | – | – | – | – | 8,80 |
| Wienerwald | 6,08 | 6,30 | 6,30 | |||
| Wildmoser Hühner- und Entenbraterei | 5,98 | 6,50 | 6,50 | 7,95 | 8,30 | 8,50 |
| Zum Stiftl | – | – | – | 7,80 | 8,25 | 8,70 |
| Zum Wein-Wirt/Weinzelt | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Nearly 1,000 tons of garbage result annually from the Oktoberfest. The mountains of garbage created are hauled away and the ways cleanly washed down each morning. The cleaning is paid for in part by the city of Munich and in part by the sponsors.
In 2004 the queues outside the toilets became so long that the police had to regulate the entrance. To keep traffic moving through the restrooms, men headed for the toilets were directed to the urinals (giant enclosed grate) if they only needed to urinate. Consequently, the number of toilets was increased by 20 % in 2005. Approximately 1,800 toilets and urinals are available at this time.
Many Oktoberfest guests visit the quiet stalls in order to use their cell phones. For this reason there were plans in 2005 to install a Faraday cage around the toilets or to use Mobile phone jammers to prevent telephoning with a mobile telephone. Jamming devices are, however, illegal in Germany, and Faraday cages made of copper would have been too expensive, so these ambitious plans were dropped, and signs were placed instead, warning toilet users not to use cell phones in the stalls.
There are currently fourteen large tents and twenty small tents at the Oktoberfest. The tents themselves are non-permanent structures which are constructed for and only used during the festival. The beer (or wine) served in each is in the accompanying table.
| Name | Brewery | Seating | |
|---|---|---|---|
| inside | outside | ||
| Large Tents | |||
| Hippodrom | Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu | 3,200 | 1,000 |
| Armbrustschützenzelt | Paulaner | 5,839 | 1,600 |
| Hofbräu-Festzelt | Hofbräu München | 6,896 | 3,622 |
| Hacker-Festzelt | Hacker-Pschorr | 6,900 | 2,400 |
| Schottenhamel | Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu | 6,000 | 4,000 |
| Winzerer Fähndl | Paulaner | 8,450 | 2,450 |
| Schützen-Festhalle | Löwenbräu | 4,442 | 0 |
| Käfers Wiesen Schänke | Paulaner | 1,000 | 1,900 |
| Weinzelt | Nymphenburger Sekt | 1,300 | 600 |
| Paulaner Weißbier | |||
| Löwenbräu-Festhalle | Löwenbräu | 5,700 | 2,800 |
| Bräurosl | Hacker-Pschorr | 6,000 | 2,200 |
| Augustiner-Festhalle | Augustiner Bräu | 6,000 | 2,500 |
| Ochsenbraterei | Spaten | 5,900 | 1,500 |
| Fischer Vroni | Augustiner | 2,695 | 700 |
| Small Tents | |||
| Able's Kalbs-Kuchl | Spaten | 300 | 0 |
| Ammer Hühner & Entenbraterei | Augustiner | 450 | 450 |
| Bodo's Cafezelt | Exotic Cocktails | 450 | 0 |
| Burtscher's Bratwursthütt´n | Spaten | 80 | 0 |
| Café Kaiserschmarrn | Cocktail bar | 400 | 0 |
| Café Mohrenkopf | XXL- Cocktails | 420 | 0 |
| Feisingers Ka's und Weinstubn | Wine & Wheat Beer | 92 | 90 |
| Glöckle Wirt | Spaten | 140 | 0 |
| Heimer Hendl- und Entenbratere | Paulaner | 400 | 0 |
| Heinz Wurst- Und Hühnerbraterei | Paulaner | 360 | 0 |
| Hochreiters Haxnbraterei | Löwenbräu | 250 | 0 |
| Münchner Knödelei | Paulaner | 300 | 90 |
| Poschners Hühner- Und Entenbraterei | Hacker-Pschorr | 350 | 0 |
| Schiebl's Kaffeehaferl | Irish Coffee | 100 | 0 |
| Wiesn Guglhupf Café-Dreh-Bar | Mix Bar | 60 | 0 |
| Wildmoser Hühnerbraterei | Hacker-Pschorr | 320 | 0 |
| Wildstuben | Augustiner | 271 | 0 |
| Wirtshaus im Schichtl | 120 | 0 | |
| Zum Stiftl | Paulaner | 360 | 0 |
| Zur Bratwurst | Augustiner | 160 | 0 |
Large Tents
Small Tents[15]