Boris I of Bulgaria

Boris I
Knyaz of Bulgaria

St Tsar Boris I
Reign 852–889
Died 2 May 907
Place of death A monastery near Preslav
Predecessor Presian
Successor Vladimir
Consort Maria
Offspring Vladimir
Gavrail
Simeon I
Evpraksiya
Anna
Royal House "Krum's dynasty", possibly Dulo
Father Presian

Boris I, also known as Boris-Mihail (Michael) and Bogoris (Bulgarian: Борис I / Борис-Михаил; died 2 May 907) was the Knyaz (Prince) of First Bulgarian Empire in 852–889. At the time of his baptism in 864, Boris was named Michael after his godfather, Emperor Michael III. The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history.[1]

Despite a number of military setbacks, the reign of Boris I was marked with significant events that shaped the Bulgarian and Slavic history. With the Christianization of Bulgaria the country abolished the traditional state religion Tengriism. A skilful diplomat, Boris I successfully exploited the conflict between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Papacy to secure an autocephalous Bulgarian Church, thus dealing with the concerns among the nobility for strong Byzantine interference in the internal matters of the country.

When in 885 the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius were banished from Great Moravia, Boris I gave them refuge and provided assistance to develop the Slavic alphabet and literature. After he abdicated in 889, his eldest son and successor tried to restore the old pagan religion but was deposed by Boris I. During the Council of Preslav which followed that event, the Byzantine clergy was replaced with Bulgarian and the Greek language was replaced with Old Bulgarian as an official language of the Church and the state.

He is regarded as a saint in the Orthodox Church, as the Prince and baptizer of Bulgaria and Equal-to-the-Apostles, with his feast day observed on May 2.[2]

Contents

Name and titles

After the official act of conversion to Christianity Boris adopted the Christian name Michael. He is sometimes called Boris-Michael in historical research.

The only direct evidence of Boris's title are his seals and the inscription found near the town of Ballsh, modern Albania, and at Varna. There he is called with the Byzantine title "Archon of Bulgaria", which is usually translated as "ruler", and in 10-11th centuries - also as "Knyaz".[3] In the Bulgarian sources from that period Boris I is called "Knyaz" and during the Second Bulgarian Empire - "Tsar".[4]

In the modern historiography Boris is called with different titles. Most historians accept that he changed his title after the conversion to Christianity. According to them before the baptism he had the title Han[5] or Khan,[6][7] and after that Knyaz.[8] According to other theory the title Knyaz was used by the Bulgarian rulers since the reign of Asparukh.[9]

Reign

Situation in Central Europe in the middle of the 9th century

The early 9th century marked the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the Greek East and Latin West, which would ultimately lead to the schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople and the Catholic Church in Rome.

When Charlemagne was proclaimed Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire the Pope broke its political relation with Byzantines and was naturally supported by the Franks. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843 the strong and aggressive Eastern Francia united most of the German people and began to expand towards Slavic populated lands to the east. That expansion was fully supported by Rome which sought ways to extend its influence to the east. As a response Mojmír I managed to unite some Slavic princes and formed Great Moravia in 833. His successor Rastislav fought against the Germans.[10] Both states tried to maintain good relations with Bulgaria on account of its considerable military power.

Military campaigns

Boris I was the son and successor of Presian I of Bulgaria. In 852 he sent emissaries to the Eastern Francia to confirm the peace treaty from 845.[11][12] At the time of his accession he threatened the Byzantine with an invasion but his armies did not attack[13] and received a small area in Strandzha to the south-east.[14] The peace treaty, however, was not signed although both states exchanged temporary delegations.[15] In 854 the Moravian Prince Rastislav persuaded Boris I to help him against East Francia. According to some sources, some Franks bribed the Bulgarian monarch to attack Louis.[16] The Bulgarian-Slav campaign was a disaster and Louis the German scored a great victory and invaded Bulgaria.[17] In the same time the Croats waged a war against the Bulgarians. Both peoples had coexisted peacefully to that moment which suggests that the Croats were paid by Louis to attack Bulgaria and distract Boris' attention from his alliance with Great Moravia.[18] Kanasubigi Boris could not achieve any success and in the both sides changed gifts and settled peace.[19] As a result of the military actions in 855 the peace between Bulgaria and Eastern Francia was restored and Rastislav was forced to fight against Louis alone. A conflict between the Byzantines and Bulgarians started in 855-856, when Boris was distracted by his conflict with Louis. Philippopolis (Plovdiv), the region of Zagora and the ports around the Gulf of Burgas on the Black Sea were recaptured by the Byzantine army led by Michael III and the caesar Bardas.[20][21]

In spite of various reverses, Boris succeeded in maintaining the territorial integrity of his realm.

Serbia

After the death of Knez Vlastimir of Serbia circa 850, his state was divided between his sons. Vlastimir and Boris' father had fought each other in the Bulgarian-Serbian War of 839-842, which resulted in a Serbian victory, and Boris sought to avenge that defeat. In 853 or 854, the Bulgarian army led by Vladimir-Rasate, the son of Boris I, invaded Serbia, with the aim to replace the Byzantine overlordship on the Serbs. The Serbian army was led by Mutimir and his two brothers and defeated the Bulgarians, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars.[22] Boris I and Mutimir agreed on peace (and perhaps an alliance[22]), and Mutimir sent his sons Pribislav and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace, Boris himself gave them "rich gifts", while he was given "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs".[23][24][25]

An internal conflict among the Serbian brothers resulted in Mutimir banishing the two younger brothers to the Bulgarian court.[26][22] Mutimir, however, kept a nephew, Petar, in his court, for political reasons.[27] The reason of the feud is not known, however, it is postulated that it was a result of treachery.[27] Petar would later defeat Pribislav, Mutimir's son, and take the Serbian throne.

Baptism

For a variety of reasons, Boris became interested in converting to Christianity and undertook to do that at the hands of western clergymen to be supplied by Louis the German in 863. However, late in the same year, the Byzantine Empire invaded Bulgaria during a period of famine and natural disasters. Taken by surprise, Boris was forced to sue for peace and agreed to convert to Christianity according to the eastern rites in exchange for peace and territorial concessions in Thrace (he regained the region of Zagora recently recovered by the Byzantines).[28] At the beginning of 864 Boris was secretly baptized at Pliska by an embassy of Byzantine clergymen, together with his family and select members of the Bulgarian nobility.[29] With Emperor Michael III as his godfather, Boris also adopted the Christian name Michael.[30] However, a document was discovered in Albania by the Austrian archaeologist Camillo Praschniker during WWI, in Byllis, (or Ballsh in modern Albania) that says: (evaftiste o arhon Bulgarias Boris o metonomastheis Mihail sin to ek Theu dhedhomeno av to ethnei tous s t o d) "...was baptized the archon of Bulgaria, Boris, called Mihal together with his people given to him by God, Year 6374" (=866 AD). Boris' conversion inspired a reaction by his pagan subjects, including many important notables. There are a few versions as to why Boris converted to Christianity. Some historians attribute it to the intervention of his sister who had already converted while being at Constantinople.[30] Another story mention a Greek slave in the ruler's court.[30] A more mythological version is the one in which Boris is astonished and frightened by an icon of Judgement day and thus decides to adopt Christianity.[30]

Conversion to Christianity met great opposition in Bulgaria. In the summer of 865 a group of aristocrats (boyars) started an open revolt.[30] Boris ruthlessly suppressed it and executed 52 boyars together with their entire families.[1] Thus the Christianization continued.

Bulgarian Church

At the same time Boris sought further instruction on how to lead a Christian lifestyle and society and how to set up an autocephalous church from the Byzantine Patriarch Photios. Photios' answer proved less than satisfactory, and Boris sought to gain a more favorable settlement from the Papacy.[31] Boris dispatched emissaires led by the kavhan Peter with a long list of questions to Pope Nicholas I at Rome in August 866, and obtained 106 detailed answers, detailing the essence of religion, law, politics, customs and personal faith. The pope temporarily glossed over the controversial question of the autocephalous status desired by Boris for his church and sent a large group of missionaries to continue the conversion of Bulgaria in accordance with the western rite.[32] Bulgaria's shift towards the Papacy infuriated Patriarch Photios who wrote an encyclical to the eastern clergy in 867, in which he denounced the practices associated with the western rite and Rome's ecclesiastical intervention in Bulgaria.[32] This occasioned the Photian Schism, which was a major step in the rift between the eastern and western churches.

In Bulgaria the activities of the papal legate Bishop Formosus (later Pope Formosus) met with success, until the pope rejected Boris' request to nominate Formosus archbishop of Bulgaria. The new Pope Adrian II refused Boris' request for a similar nomination of either Formosus or Deacon Marinus (later Pope Marinus I), after which Bulgaria began to shift towards Constantinople once again. At the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 870 the position of the Bulgarian church was reopened by Bulgarian envoys, and the eastern patriarchs adjudicated in favor of Constantinople. This determined the future of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, which was granted the status of an autocephalous archbishopric by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Later in the 870s the Patriarch of Constantinople surrendered Bulgaria to the Papacy, but this concession was purely nominal, as it did not affect the actual position of Bulgaria's autocephalous church.[33]

Cyrillic alphabet and Slavic language as official in Bulgaria

In 886 Boris' governor of Belgrade welcomed the disciples of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, who were exiled from Great Moravia into Bulgaria and sent them on to Boris in Pliska. Two of these disciples, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav who were of noble Bulgarian origin, set up educational centers in Pliska and in Ohrid to further the development of Slavonic letters and liturgy. The alphabet that was originally developed by Cyril and Methodius is known as the Glagolitic alphabet. In Bulgaria Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav however created (or rather compiled) a new alphabet which was called Cyrillic and was declared the official alphabet. The Slavic language also was declared as official in 893. In the following centuries this alphabet was adopted by other Slavic peoples. The introduction of Slavic liturgy paralleled Boris' continued development of churches and monasteries throughout his realm.

In 889 Boris abdicated the throne and became a monk. His son and successor Vladimir attempted a pagan reaction, which brought Boris out of retirement in 893. Vladimir was defeated and blinded, and Boris gathered the Council of Preslav placing his third son, Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria on the throne, threatening him with the same fate if he too apostatized. Boris returned to his monastery, emerging once again in c. 895 to help Simeon fight the Magyars, who had invaded Bulgaria in alliance with the Byzantines. After the passing of this crisis, Boris resumed monastic life and died in 907. The location of his retreat, where perhaps he was entered, is not certain; it may be near Preslav but also in Pliska or in a monastery near Varna or Ravda.

St. Boris Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Boris I of Bulgaria.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Runciman, p. 152
  2. ^ (Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Βόρις – Μιχαὴλ ὁ Ἱσαπόστολος ὁ πρίγκιπας καὶ Φωτιστῆς τοῦ Βουλγαρικοῦ λαοῦ. 2 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  3. ^ Бакалов, Георги. Средновековният български владетел. (Титулатура и инсигнии), София 1995, с. 144, 146, Бобчев, С. С. Княз или цар Борис? (към историята на старобългарското право). Титлите на българските владетели, Българска сбирка, ХІV, 5, 1907, с. 311
  4. ^ Бакалов, Георги. Средновековният български владетел..., с. 144-146
  5. ^ Златарски, Васил [1927] (1994). „История на Българската държава през Средните векове, т.1, ч.2“, Второ фототипно издание, София: Академично издателство „Марин Дринов“, стр. 29. ISBN 954-430-299-9.
  6. ^ 12 мита в българската история
  7. ^ Страница за прабългарите
  8. ^ Златарски, Васил [1927] (1994). „История на Българската държава през Средните векове, т.1, ч.2“, Второ фототипно издание, София: Академично издателство „Марин Дринов“. ISBN 954-430-299-9.
  9. ^ Гербов, К. Канасубиги е "княз", а не "хан" или "кан" - Омуртаг и Маламир са били князе преди Борис
  10. ^ К. Грот, Моравия и Мадяры, Петроград, 1881, стр. 108 и сл.
  11. ^ Rudolfi Fulden. annales, an. 852
  12. ^ Pertz, Mon. Germ. SS, I, p. 367: legationes Bulgarorum Sclavorumque et absolvit
  13. ^ Genesios, ed. Bon., p. 85—86
  14. ^ В. Н. Златарски, Известия за българите, стр. 65—68
  15. ^ В. Розен, Император Василий Болгаробойца, Петроград, 1883, стр. 14
  16. ^ Dümmler, каз. съч., I, стр. 38
  17. ^ Migne, Patrol. gr., t. 126, cap. 34, col. 197
  18. ^ К. Грот, Известия о сербах и хорватах, стр. 125—127
  19. ^ Const. Porphyr., De admin, imp., ed. Bon, cap. 31, p. 150—151
  20. ^ Gjuzelev, p. 130
  21. ^ Bulgarian historical review, v.33:no.1-4, p.9.
  22. ^ a b c The early medieval Balkans, p. 141
  23. ^ F. Raçki, Documenta historiae Chroatie etc., Zagreb, 1877, p. 359.
  24. ^ П. Шафарик, Славян. древн., II, 1, стр. 289.
  25. ^ Const. Porphyr., ibid., cap. 32, p. 154-155
  26. ^ The Serbs, p. 15
  27. ^ a b Đekić, Đ. 2009, "Why did prince Mutimir keep Petar Gojnikovic?", Teme, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 683-688. PDF
  28. ^ Fine, pp. 118-119
  29. ^ Anderson, Gerald H. (1999). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 80. ISBN 0802846807. 
  30. ^ a b c d e Anderson, 1999, p.80
  31. ^ Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0300115970. 
  32. ^ a b Duffy, 2006, p. 103
  33. ^ Simeonova, Liliana (1998). Diplomacy of the Letter and the Cross. Photios, Bulgaria and the Papacy, 860s-880s. A.M. Hakkert, Amsterdam. p. 434. ISBN 90-256-0638-5. 

References

Resources

Preceded by
Presian I		 Knyaz of Bulgaria
852–889		 Succeeded by
Vladimir
First Empire (681–1018)
Asparukh · Tervel · Kormesiy · Sevar · Kormisosh · Vinekh · Telets · Sabin · Umor · Toktu · Pagan · Telerig · Kardam · Krum · Omurtag · Malamir · Presian I · Boris I · Vladimir · Simeon I · Peter I · Boris II · Roman · Samuil · Gavril Radomir · Ivan Vladislav · Presian II
Second Empire (1186–1396)
Principality (1878–1908) and
Kingdom (1908–1946)