Boobquake, which took place on April 26, 2010, was devised by Jennifer McCreight, then a senior in the Purdue University College of Science, in response to news reports that Hojatoleslam Kazem Seddiqi had blamed women who dress immodestly for causing earthquakes. On April 19, it was reported that Seddiqi advised his listeners that "Many women who do not dress modestly lead young men astray, corrupt their chastity and spread adultery in society, which increases earthquakes" and Iranians should "adapt their lives to Islam's moral codes" to avoid being "buried under the rubble".[1]
One year prior to this, McCreight had begun keeping a blog in which she describes herself as an atheist and a feminist.[2][3] On April 19, McCreight encouraged her blog's readers to help her poke fun at Seddiqi by dressing "in your immodest clothing to represent Boobquake", an invitation then extended to the world via Facebook.[4] She asked for participants to avoid "hateful or anti-Muslim or anti-Iranian messages"[5] and described Boobquake as a scientific experiment: "With the power of our scandalous bodies combined, we should surely produce an earthquake. If not, I'm sure Sedighi can come up with a rational explanation for why the ground didn't rumble."[6]
McCreight's idea was popularized by prominent blogs and soon caught the attention of the international media. Following repeated inquiries from the BBC and other news agencies, McCreight planned two meetings for participants: one in West Lafayette, Indiana, and one in Washington, D.C.[7]
In the week leading up to Boobquake, McCreight received several emails from "thankful skeptics, feminists, and Iranians".[7] The event also drew criticism from people seeing it as objectifying women.[8] Soon, what originated as "a humorous exercise in scientific and skeptical thinking"[9] had begun to ignite serious debate regarding the organization of the feminist community.
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An estimated total of 200,000 people participated in Boobquake on April 26, 2010.[2][10][11] The so-called "epicenter" of Boobquake was a light-hearted two-hour gathering at 1:00 pm at the Purdue Bell Tower in West Lafayette, Indiana. Participants' attire included push-up bras, unbuttoned shirts, short dresses, as well as other "racy costumes" and "risqué clothing". They also held signs with slogans such as "Cleavage for Science", "Amnesty", and "God hates Boobs". Purdue's student newspaper reported that the female participants were outnumbered by male spectators.[12]
Washington, D.C.'s Dupont Circle was the site of another gathering at noon. The Washington gathering was attended by a dozen[13] women and drew the attention of BBC Persia.[14]
Other notable gatherings were reported in New York City[15] and Vancouver.[2] In Vancouver, it was reported that most attendees at the event were hundreds of men using camera phones to take pictures, especially of a small number of women who were topless.[16]
Some people also supported the event by purchasing official "Boobquake 2010" t-shirts through Zazzle.com. The proceeds from the shirts went to the Red Cross, to benefit earthquake recovery, and to the James Randi Educational Foundation, to support critical thinking.[17]
That morning, at 10:59 am (2:59 am GMT or 10:59 pm on April 25, Indiana time), a 6.5-magnitude earthquake struck 195 miles off the coast of Taitung, Taiwan, at a depth of 6.2 miles. Upon hearing of this, McCreight said that it alone was not statistically significant, but that she would continue to monitor seismic activity for the next 24 hours.[10] Other participants mentioned that the earthquake in Taiwan occurred early in the morning, prior to the official start of the experiment.[18]
After April 26 had ended in all time zones, McCreight began to conduct rigorous statistical analysis. McCreight pointed out that dozens of earthquakes occur daily, and that the goal of her analysis was not to see if all seismic activity would cease, but to determine whether the number or severity of earthquakes increased during the experiment. By compiling data from the USGS website, McCreight determined a 95% confidence interval of zero to 148 daily earthquakes. During the course of the Boobquake event, only 47 earthquakes were reported. She also calculated that an earthquake of the magnitude of that in Taiwan had a 37% chance of occurring on that day. McCreight also said that the mean magnitude of seismic activity during the "Boobquake" event was actually slightly below average. As a result of this analysis, McCreight concluded that the immodest clothing worn during Boobquake had no significant effect on earthquake frequency or magnitude. Although McCreight admitted that there were some flaws with the experimental procedure, and that she doubted it would have any impact on Seddiqi's opinions, she believed that the event fulfilled its original intentions of being "a humorous exercise in scientific and skeptical thinking".[9]
The event drew a favorable response from several notable Iranian political activists, including Mina Ahadi of the International Committee Against Executions and Stoning, Maryam Namazie of Iran Solidarity, and Samira Mohyeddin of Iranian.com. These activists felt that Boobquake was a significant act in the defense of women's rights and human dignity. They said that many Iranian citizens supported Boobquake in its opposition to Sedighi's views, which they believe to be representative of the Iranian government of the past three decades.[19][20][21]
Kazem Sedighi defended his statements in a new sermon on May 14, 2010. When asked why there are not more natural disasters in western nations that do not follow his moral codes, Sedighi answered that God occasionally allows people to continue sinning "so that they (eventually) go to the bottom of Hell." It was not reported whether or not Sedighi specifically mentioned Boobquake during this sermon.[22]
A response to Boobquake was launched by Negar Mottahedeh and Golbarg Bashi, who created a counter-movement known as "Brainquake".[23] Mottahedeh, an Associate Professor of critical theory, cinema and women's studies at Duke University, and Bashi, an Iranian studies professor at Rutgers, supported Boobquake's goals of drawing attention to questions about gender and rights, but were skeptical of its methods.
Mottahedeh worried that some participants may not "understand that this is about Iran", a nation in which "women and men are dying for the right to be free, dying for the right to have civil liberties." Mottahedeh also believed that Boobquake was "playing right into the hands of venues such as Playboy, which I don’t think was at all Jen’s intention."[11] Planned for the same day as Boobquake, Brainquake encouraged women to demonstrate their "abilities to push for change" by showing off their résumés, CVs, honors, prizes, and accomplishments. In this way, they hoped to "honor the accomplishments of Iranian women by showing off our abilities, our creativity, our ingenuity, and our smarts on our blogs, on Wikipedia, on Twitter, on YouTube, on Flickr and all over Facebook."[24]
Russell Blackford, of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, fully supported the idea of Boobquake, saying, "there is nothing wrong with the beauty of the human body, male or female, nothing wrong with enjoying it, and nothing wrong with displaying it to the world." Blackford encouraged participants to "Strut your stuff, and don’t let anyone make you feel ashamed about so-called 'immodesty'. Feel free to scorn the moralism of Islamic clerics and anyone else who tries to put you down."[25]
In response to feminists' disagreements over Boobquake and Brainquake, some asked, "Why not both?". Melody Moezzi, for example, writing for the blog of Ms., saw no reason for there to be any conflict between the two events. Moezzi believed that there should be no problem with having multiple means of discrediting "the leaders of the so-called Islamic Republic of Iran", and suggested that women participate in both events.[26]