The black middle class, within the United States, refers to African Americans who occupy a middle class status within the American class structure. It is predominately a development that arose after the 1960s, during which the African American Civil Rights Movement led to reform movements aimed at outlawing racial discrimination. Although the size of the black middle class can vary by definition, members of the middle class (for both blacks and whites) can be characterized by families who own their own home or small business, and by the strictest definition, those with a degree from college.[1]
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African Americans had limited opportunities for advancement to middle class status prior to 1961 because of racial discrimination, segregation, and the fact that most lived in the rural South. In 1960, forty-three percent of the white population completed high school, while only twenty percent of the black population did the same. African Americans had little to no access to higher education and only three percent graduated from college. Those blacks who were professionals were mainly confined to serving the African American population. Outside of the black community, they worked in unskilled industrial jobs. Black women who worked were almost all domestic servants.
Economic growth, public policy, black skill development, and the civil rights movement all contributed to the surfacing of a larger black middle class. The civil rights movement helped to remove barriers to higher education. As opportunity for African Americans expanded, blacks began to take advantage of the new possibilities. Homeownership has been crucial in the rise of the black middle class, including the movement of African Americans to the suburbs, which has also translated into better educational opportunities. By 1980, over 50% of the African American population had graduated from high school and eight percent graduated from college. In 2006, 86% of blacks between age 25 and 29 had graduated from high school and 19% had completed a bachelor's degrees.[2] As of 2003, the percentage of black householders is 48%, compared to 43% in 1990.[3]
Some argue that blacks have less upward mobility than whites. A report done by the Pew Research Center in 2007 says that of the sons and daughters of the black middle class, 45% of black children end up "near poor", and the comparable rate for white families is 16%.[4] The trend of downward mobility has caused the overall majority of middle-class-black children to end up with lower incomes than their parents. While 68% of white children earn incomes above their parents, 31% of black children earn incomes more than their parents did.[4] The lower rate of upward mobility could be caused by the lack of married blacks, and the number of blacks born out of wedlock. In 2009, 72% of black babies are born out of wedlock, compared with 28% of white women.[5]
Sub-Saharan African immigrants to the United States tend to have higher income levels than African Americans due to their higher education levels. (Sub-Saharan Africans are distinguished from Afro-Americans, who are the descendents of the survivors the Atlantic slave trade). In addition, African immigrants have the highest educational attainment rates of all American ethnic groups, with higher levels of completion than the stereotyped Asian American model minority.[6][7] Like most Asian Americans, black Africans migrated to America in the last few decades after the Jim crow/African American Civil Rights Movement era ended. Prior to the mid-1970s, there were very few non-white immigrants because of immigration laws, banning non-whites; that is, up until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which was an extension of, and made possible by way of the African American Civil Rights Movement.[8] Despite this, U.S. immigration policies are still discriminatory insofar as favoring immigrant candidates that have professional skills and higher education over the many immigrant candidates who don't.[9][10]
In 1997, 24.6 percent of all adult white Americans and 13.3 percent of all black Americans held a bachelors degree, while 48.9 percent of African immigrants held a bachelor's degree. Though the U.S. Census Bureau counts white populations who emigrated from Africa in the same category as black Africans, it shows African immigrants were more than three times as likely to hold a bachelor's degree than native-born African Americans.[11] Despite the high educational achievement of African immigrants, African immigrants still tend to have lower median household incomes compared to other immigrant groups. Many African immigrants hold strong ties to their home countries and send remittances to their relatives.
A phrase used somewhat interchangeably with black middle class is black urban professional, whose acronym is buppie, a parallel structure to yuppie, or young urban professional. The acronym has a pejorative connotation when used in describing a person.[12]
As of 2009, while the poverty rate among non-Hispanic whites sits at 9.4%,[13] the poverty rate among African Americans sits at 25.8%.[14]
In 1999, NAACP Chairman Julian Bond credited affirmative action with bringing the black middle class into being.[15]
But Larry Elder wrote:
And black economist Thomas Sowell wrote:
The black middle class in South Africa is another important instance of a black middle class that developed in size and power in the wake of political change (in this case, the end of the apartheid).New research shows that there is a burgeoning black middle class in South Africa – with a significant boost to the number of black South Africans entering the middle-income brackets.
According to a study by the University of Cape Town's Unilever Institute of Strategic Marketing and TNS Research Surveys, South Africa's black middle class has grown by 30% in just over a year in 2007, with their numbers increasing from 2-million to 2.6-million and their collective spending power rising from R130-billion to R180-billion.
Read more: http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/blackdiamonds-230507.htm#ixzz1doq4PMPl