| Beatrice Mintz | |
|---|---|
| Born | 24 January 1921 New York City, USA |
| Nationality | United States |
| Fields | Embryology, Developmental biology |
| Institutions | University of Chicago Fox Chase Cancer Center |
| Alma mater | Hunter College and University of Iowa |
| Doctoral advisor | Emil Witschi |
| Known for | Mammalian transgenesis |
| Influenced | Rudolf Jaenisch |
| Notable awards | Pearl Meister Greengard Prize March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology Szent-Gyorgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research |
Beatrice Mintz (born 24 January 1921 in New York City[1]) is an American female embryologist who has contributed to the understanding of genetic modification, cellular differentiation and cancer, particularly melanoma.[1][2]
Mintz was a pioneer of genetic engineering techniques, and was among the first scientists to generate both chimeric and transgenic mammals.[2] In 1996 she shared the inaugural March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology with Ralph L. Brinster for their work in developing transgenic mice.[1] Much of her career has been spent at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia where, in 2002, she was named to the Jack Schultz Chair in Basic Science.[3] Mintz is a member of both the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
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Beatrice Mintz was born to Samuel and Janie Stein Mintz. She graduated magna cum laude from Hunter College in 1941 and then took graduate studies at New York University for a year. She transferred to the University of Iowa where she received a Master's degree in 1944 and a Ph.D in 1946, studying amphibians under Emil Witschi.[2]
After graduation, Mintz accepted a Professorship in Biological Science at the University of Chicago (1946-60; interrupted by studies abroad: Mintz was awarded a Fulbright research fellowship at the universities of Paris and Strasbourg in 1951). In 1960 she moved to the Institute for Cancer Research, which later became the Fox Chase Cancer Center, where she remains on faculty. In the mid 1950s, Mintz switched her research focus from amphibians to mammals and became a pioneer in mammalian transgenesis.[2]
Mintz and Kristoph Tarkowski independently made the first mouse embryonic chimeras in the 1960s, by aggregating two embryos at the eight-cell stage. The resultant mice developed normally and their tissues were a mixture of cells derived from the two donor embryos.[4] Mintz went on to create viable chimeric embryos containing blastomeres from up to fifteen different laboratory mice.[1] She developed a technique that involved mixing cells from a black mouse strain into the blastocysts of white or brown mice in vitro. She then surgically transferred these early embryos into surrogate mothers and, after birth, traced the tissue contribution of each cell type made by studying the coat colour.[5] Her cell fusion technique was successful where others had failed because she chose to remove the zona pellucida with pronase treatment, rather than physically. Since 1967 Mintz has created over 25,000 offspring using this technique.[2]
In other studies, Mintz demonstrated that, when combined with normal mouse embryo cells, teratocarcinoma tumor cells could be reprogrammed to contribute to a healthy mouse.[1][2] These experiments, which took eight years, utilized some of the first pluripotent stem cell cultures ever made.[3]
Mintz and Rudolf Jaenisch published a technological breakthrough in 1974. Jaenisch was a post-doctoral researcher in Princeton University at the time and was interested in why only certain types of cancer occurred when he injected adult mice with viruses. Inspired by Mintz's earlier work, he wanted to know whether injecting virus into early-stage embryos would result in the DNA being incorporated, and what types of cancer would occur.[6] Mintz agreed to work with Jaenisch, who joined her lab as a visiting fellow for 9 months. They showed that DNA from a virus, SV40, could be integrated into the DNA of developing mice and persist into adulthood without apparent tumor formation.[7] These were the first transgenic mice ever made and proved healthy genetically modified mammals could be created by viral infection.[8] Using these techniques Mintz was able to establish the genetic basis of certain kinds of cancer and in 1993 she produced the first mouse model of human malignant melanoma.[1]
Mintz has received numerous awards and honors including the first Genetics Society of America Medal (1981) and the first March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology (1996).[1][3] She won the Papanicolaou Award for Scientific Achievement (1979), the Ernst Jung Gold Medal for Medicine (1990), the American Cancer Society National Medal of Honor for Basic Research (1997), a citation for Outstanding Woman in Science (1993) from the New York Academy of Sciences, and in 2007 she was a recipient of the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize.[3]
On 8 March 2011 the US National Foundation for Cancer Research announced that its 6th Annual Szent-Gyorgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research had been awarded to Beatrice Mintz.[9]
Mintz has received honorary doctorate degrees from five universities. She has delivered dozens of special lectures, including the Ninetieth Anniversary Lecture at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory (1978) and the first Frontiers in Biomedical Sciences Lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences (1980). She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a senior member of the Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, and served on the editorial boards of various scientific journals.