Astro (Malaysian satellite television)

MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd
Type Subsidiary
Industry Broadcasting, Media
Founded 1 June 1996
Headquarters Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Key people Dato' Badri Masri
Dato' Mohamed Khadar Merican
Ralph Marshall
Bernard Anthony Cragg
Chin Kwai Yoong
Dato' Rohana Rozhan
Products Direct broadcast satellite and Internet Protocol Television
Parent Astro Malaysia Holdings Sdn Bhd
Website www.astro.com.my

Astro is the brand name of the Malaysian direct broadcast satellite (DBS) pay television service. It transmits digital satellite television and radio to households in Malaysia & Brunei. The name Astro is an acronym for All-Asian Satellite Television and Radio Operator.

Astro is owned and operated by MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, a wholly owned subsidiary of Astro Malaysia Holdings Sdn Bhd that owned by Astro Holdings Sdn Bhd. It has operations at All Asia Broadcast Centre located in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Measat in Cyberjaya.

In addition to serving consumers in households, Astro has substantial coverage in commercial establishments such as bars, restaurants, hotels, dorms, and hospitals. Since 2008, the Astro has been offering a video streaming service to mobile phone users throughout the country (Astro Mobile TV) and subsequently Astro B.yond Mobile.

Astro launched the first High Definition (HD) broadcast in Malaysia in December 2009 under the brand Astro B.yond. Following the launch of HD, Astro B.yond PVR (Personal Video Recorder) was introduced in June 2010 and Astro B.yond IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) in April 2011.

On December 2011, prime minister Najib Tun Razak announced that government will collaborate with Astro to provide free satellite television to customer, NJOI that will expected to be release in 1st quarter of 2012.[1]

Contents

History

Introduction and early history

After the launch of the MEASAT-1 satellite as part of Malaysia's commercialisation of space, Astro commenced broadcasting in 1 June 1996 with an initial bouquet of 22 television channel and 8 radio channel; 30 channel.

In 2003, a new logo was launched, the uppercase 'ASTRO' was changed to the lowercase 'astro', with the slogan Making Your Life Richer.

Channels Launches

In June 1, 1996, Astro was launched satellite television broadcasting form of the programme for general used 4 satellite television channel used translated into Mandarin Chinese on Astro AEC, Malay on Astro Ria, Cantonese on Astro Wah Lai Toi and Tamil on Astro Vaanavil.

In January 1, 2002, Astro Showcase was launched as a free-to-view channel showcasing Southeast Asian movies. The following year, Season Pass was launched, showing games and other sporting events. These two have now became pay-per-view channels under the Astro Box Office name.

In November 1, 2006, Astro News was co-produced with the national news agency Bernama, with the former taking 12 minutes of the programme for general, The news is also translated into Mandarin Chinese on Astro AEC, Malay on Astro Ria and Tamil on Astro Vaanavil. In January 1, 2007, Bernama took over the full half-hour production pending a revamp of the internal news team at Astro in which Astro Awani was launched on April 1, 2007.

In April 1, 2007, Astro added another 9 channels into its line-up. The nine channels that were announced were Jia Yu Channel, Discovery Science, Discovery Real Time, Discovery Home & Health, E! Entertainment, Astro Vellithirai, Sun Music, Eurosport and The Golf Channel. The first three channels were already added into Astro's line-up on April 24, 2007. The other six channels became available from May 1, 2007 onwards. Another two channels The History Channel and the Crime & Investigation Network joined the Astro platform on June 1, 2007.

In June 1, 2007, Astro introduced Astro On Demand, a new near-video on demand channel featuring the latest TVB dramas from Hong Kong. On July 1, 2007 onwards, Astro On-Demand Preview was launched, and it is entirely devoted to telling the Astro subscribers about this new channel. A total of 31 channels have been allocated for this new service.[2]

On October 13, 2007, Astro added seven new channels into its repertoire, including the Asian Food Channel, Astro Hua Hee Dai, Astro Oasis, Astro Xiao Tai Yang, Chutti TV, KBS World and Makkal TV. This increased the number of television channels on Astro to 80.

In December 1, 2007, Australia Network started transmission on Astro platform.

In January 1, 2008, Bernama TV is a 24-hour Malaysian news channel, starts transmission on the Astro platform.

In May 1, 2009, Astro launched the Mustika Pack is a new pay television package comprising three new channels named Astro Citra (channel 131), Astro Warna (channel 132) and B4U (channel 133). Astro Warna offers comedy; while Astro Citra is the Malaysian version of the HBO Asia channel providing Southeast Asian blockbuster movies, Malay premieres and Malay epic series; and B4U the latest box-office Bollywood movies and music with Malaysian subtitles.

Astro then added a second Astro branded sports channel, Astro SuperSport 2 in November 1, 2009.

On November 23, 2009, Astro starts transmission of the first HD channels in Malaysia, Astro Supersport HD, ESPN HD, HBO HD, National Geographic Channel HD and HISTORY HD, followed by ESPN HD in January 11, 2010.

Granada TV was added the Astro platform on December 1, 2009 featuring many of the United Kingdom's best shows. Granada TV was subsequently renamed to ITV Granada on November 1, 2010.

On March 25, 2010, Astro Arena, the country's first local sports channel went on air. Astro Arena (Channel 801), a 24-hour local sports channel will be delivered predominantly in Malaysian and available to all Astro customers under its Family Pack.

On April 1, 2010, Astro starts transmission of TVB Classic Channel is a drama channel in Cantonese, featuring memorable and highly rated dramas from the 1970s and 1980s - all from TVB's much-coveted vault of library titles, covering varied genres such as romance, costume, action and comedy.

On May 1, 2010, Astro starts transmission of ESPNews is a sports news channel from ESPN STAR Sports showcasing the latest international and local sports news. This channel is a rolling news service featuring highlights, interviews, results and lead-up stories.

In conjunction with the launch of Astro B.yond PVR, Astro starts transmission of 3 new HD channels - AXN HD (CH 721), Astro Zhi Zun HD (CH 310), a Chinese general entertainment HD channel and FX HD (CH 726) will join Astro B.yond's HD line up. In addition, FOX will make its debut on Astro in standard definition. All these new channels started transmission on June 11, 2010.

On July 1, 2010, Astro starts transmission of Astro SuperSport 3 (ASSP 3). ASSP 3 will broadcast 'LIVE' coverage of BPL (Barclays Premier League) games as well as also feature highlights, previews and magazine programs around the BPL. ASSP 3 will also broadcast other football plus a variety of other sporting genres.

On August 11, 2010, Astro starts transmission of National Geographic Wild (Nat Geo Wild). Nat Geo Wild, is in Malaysian, English and Mandarin language tracks for all programs, bringing to Malaysian households a 24-hour television channel fully dedicated to breathtaking nature and wildlife programming.

On August 17, 2010, Astro starts transmission of AXN Beyond HD as well. AXN Beyond HD is a hip and happening TV destination will offer viewers the most first-run US shows among all pay-television channels in Malaysia, serving up at least two new first-and-exclusive programmes each month to discerning viewers.

On October 1, 2010, Astro launches 3 additional HD channels, ONE HD provides the best selection in Asian general entertainment with a focus on Korean content. while STAR Movies HD brings you the best Hollywood movies in HD and Astro Lifestyle HD channel on Channel 706 which will air programmes from both Food Network Asia HD (9:00 am to 9:00 pm) and Life Inspired (Li) (9:00 pm to 9:00 am).

On December 9, 2010, Astro Tutor TV UPSR returned as a permanent channel on Astro with a programme line-up include, Mathematics, Science, English and Bahasa Malaysia with full interactive 'red-button' features to make revision even more engaging and fun.

On January 1, 2011, Astro launches Astro First, a first of its kind movie-on-demand service. Astro customers will be able to watch the latest cinema titles within two weeks after the cinema release, in the comfort of their homes at an affordable price.

On May 1, 2011, Astro offers Astro Tutor TV channel for PMR and SPM version, with newest line-up programmes include, Mathematics, Science, Malaysian English, History, Malaysian, and Additional Maths (only for SPM) with full interactive 'red-button' features to make revision even more engaging and fun.

On July 1, 2011, Astro launches another new package called Indo Pek, which comprising 2 new Astro branded channels named Bintang (channel 141) and Pelangi (channel 142). Bintang provides the best of Indonesian lifestyle entertainment such as music videos, gossips, and more. which Pelangi brings you the best Indonesian movies from the 1970s until now.

Astro B.yond

ASTRO launched Malaysia's first high-definition television service branded Astro B.yond on December 11, 2009. The roll out of these services is estimated to cost some RM200 million, including marketing and operating costs of approximately RM150 million, over the next financial year, ahead of revenue and earnings from these services.[3]

Incorporating best in class technologies, Astro B.yond offers customers more innovative services which will be introduced in phases. Starting with the first ever High-Definition (HD) broadcast in Malaysia, Astro B.yond will change TV viewing experience with richer colours, picture-perfect clarity and cinematic surround sound. Along with this, a new and improved Electronic Programming Guide (EPG) designed for better viewer interface will be introduced.[4]

Astro B.yond also introduced a Digital Video Recording (DVR) service, available through the Astro B.yond Personal Video Recorder (PVR) and an external hard disk drive connected to the Astro B.yond decoder. The Astro B.yond PVR comes with an inbuilt 500GB hard disk and allows customers to record up to two live programmes at one time, rewind and pause live TV thus giving customers the ultimate control over their television viewing. Recording services ia also availalble through Astro B.yond via a compatible external hard disk driveand activate the recording service by Astro.[5]

In April 2011, Astro B.yond introduced it's IPTV services through Astro B.yond IPTV a collaboration with TIME dotCom Berhad (TIME) to deliver IPTV since December 2010 brings an unparalleled multiplay of Astro channels in HD (High-Definition) with Personal Video Recording (PVR) and VOD (Video-on-Demand) services delivered via TIME's 100% fibre broadband offering the fastest internet speed in the country with voice at the best value to Malaysian homes. Astro B.yond IPTV will be progressively available in Klang Valley and Penang. At present, Astro B.yond IPTV is available at 60 high-rise condominiums within Mont Kiara, KLCC, Bangsar and Penang.[6]

The Astro B.yond decoder is a rebranded Pace plc DS-830NA.

List of channels by Astro

Astro offers a wide variety of channels and radio content.

Channel Name Group(s) Notes Official Websites/Links
101 RTM TV1 News, Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
102 RTM TV2 News, Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
103 TV3 Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
104 Astro Ria Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
105 Astro Prima Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
106 Astro Oasis Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
107 NTV7 Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
108 Zee Variasi Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
109 astro@15 Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
111 ART Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
114 TV AlHijrah Religion Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
119 TV9 Entertainment Astro Family Package Official Website
130 i130 Infotainment Astro Family Package Official Website
131 Astro Citra Movies Mustika Package Official Website
132 Astro Warna Comedy Mustika Package Official Website
133 Bollywood for You (B4U) Movies, Entertainment Official Website
141 Bintang Entertainment Official Website
142 Pelangi Movies Official Website
180 RTM TVi Music Official Website
201 Astro Vaanavil Entertainment Official Website
202 Astro Vellithirai Movies Official Website
203 Makkal TV Cultural Official Website
211 Sun TV Entertainment Official Website
212 Sun Music Music Official Website
213 Chutti TV Children Official Website
214 Adithya TV Comedy
301 Astro AEC / Astro亞洲娛樂台 Entertainment Official Website
302 iView / Astro精彩預告 Infotainment Official Website
304 Jia Yu / 家娛頻道 Entertainment Official Website
305 TVB Classic / 無線經典台 Entertainment Official Website
310 Astro Zhi Zun HD / Astro至尊HD High Definition Official Website
311 Astro Wah Lai Toi / Astro華麗台 Entertainment Official Website
312 Phoenix Chinese Channel / 鳳凰衛視中文台 Entertainment Official Website
313 TVB Entertainment / 無線娛樂新聞台 Entertainment Official Website
314 TVB Xing He / TVB星河頻道 Entertainment Official Website
315 WATV Entertainment Official Website
316 CTI Asia / 中天亞洲台 Entertainment Official Website
317 TVBS Asia / 無線衛星亞洲台 Entertainment Official Website
322 Celestial Movies / 天映頻道 Movies Official Website
323 Phoenix Info News / 鳳凰衛視資訊台 News Official Website
324 Astro Shuang Xing / Astro雙星 Entertainment Official Website
325 Astro Xiao Tai Yang / Astro小太陽 Children Official Website
333 Astro Hua Hee Dai / Astro歡喜台 Entertainment Official Website
334 CCTV4 / 中央電視台中文國際頻道 Entertainment Official Website
391 KBS World Entertainment Official Website
393 SET ONE HD Asia High Definition Official Website
398 NHK World Entertainment Official Website
411 HBO Asia Movies Official Website
412 MAX (cineMAX) Movies Official Website
413 Fox Movies Premium Movies Official Website
416 CDA Movies Will be launched soon by 5B Network
431 HBO HD High Definition Official Website
433 Fox Movies Premium HD High Definition Official Website
438 Sundance Channel HD High Definition Official Website
482 - 492 Astro First On Demand Including 3 Astro First HD channels on CH483, CH487 & CH492 for selected movies only Official Website
501 Astro Awani News Official Website
502 Bernama TV News Official Website
509 CCTV News News Official Website
511 CNN News Official Website
512 BBC World News Official Website
513 Al-Jazeera English News Official Website
518 CNBC Asia News Official Website
519 Bloomberg Television News Official Website
521 Australia Network News, Entertainment Official Website
550 Nat Geo Wild Documentaries Official Website
551 Discovery Channel Documentaries Official Website
553 Nat Geo Channel Documentaries Official Website
554 Discovery Science Documentaries Official Website
555 History Documentaries Official Website
556 Animal Planet Documentaries Official Website
571 Discovery HD World High Definition Official Website
573 Nat Geo HD High Definition Official Website
575 History HD High Definition Official Website
601 Astro Tutor TV UPSR Education Official Website
603 Astro Tutor TV SPM Education Now until November 25 Official Website
610 Astro TVIQ Knowledge Official Website
611 Astro Ceria Children Official Website
612 Nickelodeon Children Official Website
613 Disney Junior Children Official Website
615 Disney Channel Children Official Website
616 Cartoon Network Children Official Website
618 BabyTV Children Official Website
701 AXN Entertainment Official Website
702 DIVA Universal Entertainment Official Website
703 Asian Food Channel Entertainment Official Website
705 Astro Hitz Music Official Website
706 Astro Lifestyle HD High Definition Official Website
707 TLC Documentaries Official Website
708 8TV / 八度空间 Entertainment Official Website
710 FOX Asia Entertainment Official Website
711 STAR World Entertainment Official Website
712 E! Entertainment Entertainment Official Website
713 MTV Asia Music Official Website
715 Animax Asia Entertainment Official Website
720 AXN Beyond HD Asia High Definition Official Website
721 AXN HD High Definition Official Website
722 Star World HD High Definition Official Website
726 FX HD High Definition Official Website
731 The Biography Channel (bio.) Documentaries Official Website
732 Crime & Investigation Network (CI) Documentaries Official Website
733 Discovery Home & Health Documentaries Official Website
734 Discovery Turbo Documentaries Official Website
735 ITV Granada Entertainment Official Website
801 Astro Arena Sports Official Website
811 Astro SuperSport Sports Official Website
812 ESPN Sports Official Website
813 STAR Sports Sports Official Website
814 Eurosport Sports Official Website
815 Golf Channel Sports Official Website
816 Astro SuperSport 2 Sports Official Website
817 Astro SuperSport 3 Sports Official Website
818 ESPNews Sports Official Website
831 Astro SuperSport HD High Definition Official Website
832 ESPN HD High Definition Official Website
833 Astro SuperSport HD 2 High Definition Official Website
852 - 870 Radio Radio Entertainment
888 Astro Stocklink Official Website
901 - 942 Astro On Demand Drama On Demand Official Website
951 Astro Box Office Thangathirai Movies Official Website
952 - 953 Astro Box Office Tayangan Hebat Movies Official Website
971 - 972 Astro Box Office Sports/Events Entertainment Official Website

Service and technical information

The direct-to-home (DTH), is broadcast as high-power Ku-band transmissions utilising the transponders of the MEASAT satellite system. Reception of the service signals uses a fixed 60-cm diameter dish antenna.

Ku-band signals can be affected by rain attenuation (rain fade), making it susceptible to frequent outages in heavy rainfall areas such as Malaysia, the operators of Astro have employed a tailor-made system to boost power of the satellite delivery system to overcome this problem. The service availability of 99.7%, however, is still a topic of much debate by subscribers.

Set Top Box Manufacturers

Generation Manufacturer Model Year Introduced
1st generation/launch product Philips INS 610 1996
2nd generation Philips DSX7072 1999
Nokia DVB 8750s 1999
3rd generation Philips DSR4201 2004
Thomson DVB 850s 2004
4th generation Thomson 860N 2010

Encryption

Since its launch, Astro transmits programming with encryption to mitigate signal piracy. The receiver (also known as an IRD, or "integrated receiver-decoder") utilizes ISO/IEC 7816 smart cards which tell the receiver how to decrypt the programming for viewing. Astro is now utilizing a third generation of access smart cards.

Packages / subscription

The Astro service uses the package pricing model commonly used by other pay-TV providers in which channels are grouped into packages (i.e. basic and premium) made available to subscribers at a monthly fee.

Since 15 November 2007, there has been a slight alteration to the packages and prices. The Family package, which is the lowest entry level, offers a fee of RM37.95. Subscribers who pay this amount will only enjoy channels grouped under Astro Family banner that offers 26 channels, including six free-to-air terrestrial television networks, in-house vernacular channels and some international networks.

The basic packages (also known as Mini packages) are categorised into four groups known as Variety (Entertainment channels such as MTV and E!), Learning (Educational and documentary-related channels such as Discovery Channel), Fun (Children's channels such as Disney Channel) and News. The sports package – initially a mini package – is now offered separately, and must be subscribed with another Mini package at least.

Premium packages (known as Super packages) include the Movie and Dynasty (Chinese-language channels) packages. They are offered at a higher rate than the other available package.

Also, five new packages, collectively known as the Plus packages, were introduced to Astro since 15 November 2007. They include the Metro package (such as Discovery Home & Health), the Maharaja package (Tamil-language channels), the Gold package, the New Emperor package (both Chinese language packages), and the Mustika package (Malay and Bollywood package). Subscribers cannot select both the Gold Package and the New Emperor Package as four channels in the Gold Package are available within the New Emperor Package as well.[7]

Broadband and internet-based services

At the end of 1999, Astro's operator MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems announced a proposal to provide high-speed satellite-delivered Internet access services. The service, called @stronet-JARING, was to be a one-way terrestrial return system, whereby Malaysian ISP Jaring would provide the outbound data service through dial-up (and later broadband) access. Downloads would be received via the MEASAT satellite system, which promised a maximum download speed of 6.5Mbit/s. A PC-based trial was performed in early 2000 with a maximum download speed of 400kbit/s. Other proposed services included Multicast File Transfer and Multicast Streaming Delivery. The service, however, has never been made available publicly.

In May 2005, Astro launched Astro.tv, a broadband TV portal. Initially, it had two video channels: Akademi Fantasia Xtra and GOALTV. The service required a separate subscription fee charged to the subscribers mobile phone bill. It was rebranded as Astro Broadband..

In 2010, Astro introduced the Astro B.yond Player Online offering access to selected programmes via LIVE video streaming on astro.com.my to its customers. There is also Video-On-Demand and selected programme replays available online. The Astro B.yond Player comprises videos from Astro's locally produced content, LIVE football matches and a special programmes HD broadcast. Astro B.yond Player Online requires a Microsoft Silverlight plug-in.[8]

Since December 2010, Astro's strategic collaboration with TIME dotCom Berhad (TIME) has enabled Astro to deliver IPTV with an unparalleled multiplay of Astro channels in HD (High-Definition) with Personal Video Recording (PVR) and VOD (Video-on-Demand) services delivered via TIME's 100% fibre broadband offering the fastest internet speed in the country with voice to Malaysian homes.[9]

Viewership

As at 1 April 2011, the service has close to 3 million customers, which represents 50% of Malaysian TV homes.[10]

Red button feature

During high-profile events, Astro adds a Red-Button interactive feature to some channels to provide a link to several different feeds from the event, thereby enabling viewers to select between events or sporting matches that may be taking place simultaneously. The Red Button feature is also used to provide interactive services such as programming updates, event news, scores, contest information and sponsor advertising. The service is accessible by pressing the Red Button on the set-top box's remote control when prompted by a "Press Red Button" logo on-screen.

The Red Button service was first used in June 2004 to provide enhanced services for the program Akademi Fantasia, the localised version of Mexico's La Academia.

Other multi-feed/channel events using the Red Button feature:

Event No of feeds / channels Broadcast channel
2004 Summer Olympics 6 Astro Supersport (Channel 80)
2006 Winter Olympics 3 Astro Supersport (Channel 80)
2006 Commonwealth Games 3 Astro Supersport (Channel 80)
2006 FIFA World Cup 8 Astro Supersport (Channel 83)
2006 Asian Games 4 Astro Supersport (Channel 83)
2008 Thomas Cup 1 Astro Supersport (Channel 816)
UEFA Euro 2008 3 Astro Supersport (Channel 816)
2008 Summer Olympics 11 Astro Supersport (Channel 816)
2010 World Cup 10 (5 SD/5 HD) Astro Supersport (Channel 820 SD/HD)

Astro Mobile TV

In October 2008, Astro launched Astro Mobile TV which provides over 20 channels some exclusively. Astro Mobile TV is only available to Maxis 3G customers. The customer pays no data fee for the streaming video.

In 2010, Astro introduced the Astro B.yond Player Mobile, which brings live video streaming of signature TV programs, football matches on mobile phones. The iPhone Astro B.yond Player App is accessible via the Apple App Store. The Astro B.yond Mobile service is available through the Maxis, DiGi and Celcom 3G network.

International operations and Joint Venture

Brunei

The Astro service is currently also available in Brunei under the brand Kristal-Astro. Launched on 24 January 2000, the Brunei operation is a joint venture company established between Brunei company DST through its subsidiary, Kristal Sdn Bhd (51.1%) and Measat Broadcast Network Systems (48.9%). That service comprises over 80 DTH television and radio channels.

Indonesia

A joint venture company, PT Direct Vision, in which Astro will hold a 20% stake, operates the Astro service in Indonesia. 48 channels including 5 locally produced Indonesia exclusive channels were launched under the Astro brand. The service ceased transmission sign-off closedown on Monday, 20 October 2008 at 00:01 local time midnight.

India

Sun Direct is a 80:20 joint venture between the Kalanidhi Maran family and the Astro Group of Malaysia. Sun Direct adds around 200,000 subscribers per month in the south and the target is three million plus active subscribers by the end of this fiscal nationally. Sun Direct is the first one to adopt the advanced MPEG4 technology offering better compression and signal quality and is the first one to offer HDTV (High definition) content. Sun Direct offers all customer premises equipments like the dish and Set Top box at no additional cost to the customer, which is a practice followed by DTH platforms across the world.

Endemol

Astro joint venture with Endemol to open the second Asian branch and the branch is call Endemol Malaysia and than the first format from Endemol is Kamilah Bintang - Kids talent searching reality show and was aired on Astro Ceria.

Awards and accolades

On November 2009, Astro was awarded the Cable and Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia (CASBAA) Chairman's Award 2009 for its contribution to the pay-TV industry in the region.[11]

Astro won Gold in the Media and Entertainment category for The Putra Brand Awards in 2010 and 2011.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Free satellite TV". The Star. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/12/21/nation/10137348&sec=nation. Retrieved 2011-11-22. 
  2. ^ Astro. Astro On-Demand microsite. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
  3. ^ Astro to launch HDTV services on Friday. Retrieved on 2009-12-23
  4. ^ [1]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  5. ^ [2]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  6. ^ [3]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  7. ^ Astro. Packages available and their prices on Astro. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
  8. ^ [4]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  9. ^ [5]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  10. ^ [6]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  11. ^ [7]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  12. ^ [8]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23
  13. ^ [9]. Retrieved on 2011-04-23

External links