Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar in Diyala Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian city and city-state in central Mesopotamia. Although situated in the Diyala Valley north-east of Sumer proper, the city nonetheless belonged securely within the Sumerian cultural milieu.
The tutelary deity of the city was Tishpak (Tišpak).
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Occupied from the Jemdet Nasr period about 3000 BCE, Eshnunna was a major city during the Early Dynastic period. Starting with the rise of the Akkadian Empire, Eshnunna oscillated between times of independence and domination by empires such as the Third Dynasty of Ur and Isin. Because of its control over lucrative trade routes, Eshnunna did function somewhat as a gateway between Mesopotamian and Elamite culture. The trade routes gave it access to many exotic sought-after goods such as horses from the north, copper, tin, and other metals and precious stones. In a grave, a pendant made of copal from Zanzibar was found [1]
After rising to prominence as an independent state in the early second millennium, during the time of Shamshi-Adad, it was occupied by Elam, then conquered by Hammurabi of Babylon in the 38th year of his reign, and absorbed within the Old Babylonian Empire (sometimes called the First Babylonian Dynasty). Thereafter, the city appears but rarely in cuneiform textual sources, reflecting a probable decline and eventual disappearance.
The remains of the ancient city are now preserved in the mound of Tell Asmar, near Baqubah, excavated in six seasons between 1930 and 1936 by an Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago team led by Henri Frankfort with Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Despite the long passage of time since the excavations at Tell Asmar, the work of examining and publishing the remaining finds from that dig continues to this day. These finds include roughly 1500 cuneiform tablets. [8]
In the late 1990s, Iraqi archaeologists worked at Tell Asmar. The results from that excavation have not yet been published.[9]
The Laws of Eshnunna consist of two tablets, found at Shaduppum (Tell Harmal) and a fragment found at Tell Haddad, the ancient Mê-Turan.[10] They were written sometime around the reign of king Dadusha of Eshnunna and appear to not be official copies. When the actual laws were composed is unknown. They are similar to the Code of Hammurabi. [11]
During the Early Dynastic period, the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar (Eshnunna) went through a number of phases. This included the Early Dynastic Archaic Shrine, Square Temple, and Single-Shrine phases of construction. They, along with sculpture found there, helped form the basis for the three part archaeological separation of the Early Dynastic period into ED I, ED II, and ED III for the ancient Near East.[12] A cache of 12 gypsum sculptures, in a geometric style, were found in the Square Temple. They're some of the best known examples of ancient Near East sculpture. [13]
| Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Urguedinna | ~2000 BC | Governor under Shulgi of the Ur III |
| Kallamu | Governor under Shulgi of the Ur III | |
| Ituria | Governor under Shu-Sin of the Ur III | |
| Ilushuilia | Governor under Ibbi-Sin of the Ur III | |
| Nurakhum | Governor under Ibbi-Sin of the Ur III, Contemporary of Ishbi-Erra of Isin | |
| Kirikiri | ||
| Bilalama | Contemporary of Tan-Ruhuratir of Elam | |
| Isharramashu | ||
| Usurawasu | ||
| Ur-Ninmar | ||
| Ur-Ningizzida | ||
| Ipiq-Adad I | Contemporary of Abdi-Erah of Khafajah and Sumu-abum of Babylon | |
| Sarriia | ||
| Warassa | ||
| Belakum | ||
| Ibal-pi-El I | ||
| Ipiq-Adad II | ~1700 BC | Reigned at least 36 years |
| Naram-Sin | Son of Ipiq-Adad II, Contemporary of Shamshi-Adad | |
| Dannum-tahaz | Approximate position | |
| Dadusha | Son of Ipiq-Adad II, Contemporary of Shamshi-Adad | |
| Ibal-pi-El II | Contemporary of Zimri-Lim of Mari, Killed by Siwe-palar-huppak of Elam who captured Eshnunna | |
| Silli-Sin |