Archilochian

Archilochian or archilochean is a term used in the metrical analysis of Ancient Greek and Latin poetry. The name is derived from Archilochus, whose poetry first uses the rhythms.

In Greek verse

In the analysis of Archaic and Classical Greek poetry, archilochean usually describes the length ׯ˘˘¯˘˘¯×¯˘¯˘¯¯[1] (where ¯ indicates a longum, ˘ a breve, and × an anceps syllable). The alternative name erasmonideus[2] comes from Archilochus' fr. 168 West:

Ἐρασμονίδη Χαρίλαε, | χρῆμά τοι γελοῖον
ἐρέω, πολὺ φίλταθ᾽ ἑταίρων, | τέρψεαι δ᾽ ἀκούων.

As indicated, a caesura is observed before the ithyphallic (¯˘¯˘¯¯) ending of the verse. (Because of this, the name erasmonideus has sometimes been used to refer only to the colon ׯ˘˘¯˘˘¯× preceding the ithyphallic.[3])

The verse is also used stichically in Old Comedy, for example in Aristophanes, Wasps 1518-1537 (with irregular responsion[4]) and in Cratinus fr. 360 Kassel-Austin, where, as Hephaestion notes,[5] no caesura is observed before the ithyphallic ending:

Χαῖρ᾽, ὦ μέγ᾽ ἀχρειόγελως ὅμιλε, ταῖς ἐπίβδαις,
τῆς ἡμετέρας σοφίας κριτὴς ἄριστε πάντων,
εὐδαίμον᾽ ἔτικτέ σε μήτηρ ἰκρίων ψόφησις.

The verse also occurs in the choral lyric of tragedy and comedy, with the same caesura as in the example from Archilochus, as a rule.[6]

Trichas used the name archilocheion for the trochaic trimeter catalectic, ¯˘¯× ¯˘¯× ¯˘¯, seen in Archilochus, fr. 197 West, and used stichically by Callimachus (fr. 202 Pfeiffer).[7]

In Latin verse

In discussion of Horace's poetry, the Greater Archilochian verse (or Archilochian heptameter) consists of four dactyls (or alternatively spondees) followed after a caesura by three trochees, producing the seven-foot scheme ¯˘˘ ¯˘˘ ¯˘˘ ¯˘˘ ¯˘ ¯˘ ¯¯, as in the first line of Horace's Odes 1.4:

Solvitur acris hiems grātā vice | vēris et Favōni.[8]

As in that ode, Archilochian verses were usually used in distichs with the iambic trimeter catalectic, in which a caesura marked off the identical ending rhythm of the two verses (the trochaic tripody):

Solvitur acris hiems grata vice | veris et Favoni
trahuntque siccas | machinae carinas,
ac neque iam stabulis gaudet pecus | aut arator igni
nec prata canis | albicant pruinis.[9]

The distich's name reflects the precedent in Archilochus (for example, fr. 188 West).

The name Archilochian is also applied to similar combinations of dactylic and trochaic rhythms elsewhere in Horace (Epodes 15, 16, cf. Archilochus fr. 193 West; Epode 11, cf. Archilochus fr. 196 West).[10]

The minor Archilochian is equivalent to the hemiepes.

Notes

  1. ^ L.P.E. Parker, The Songs of Aristophanes, Oxford, 1997, p. xvii
  2. ^ Bruno Snell, Griechische Metrik, 4th ed., Göttingen, 1982, pp. 41f. n. 11; C.M.J. Sicking, Griechische Verslehre, Munich, 1993, p. 128 (here and in the index ×× is misprinted for × at the beginning of the verse)
  3. ^ Peter Kruschwitz, " Die antiken Quellen zum Saturnischen Vers," Mnemosyne 55 (2002), p. 478
  4. ^ Sicking, Griechische Verslehre, p. 185; Parker, The Songs of Aristophanes, pp. 258-261
  5. ^ J. M. van Ophuijsen, Hephaestion on Metre, Leiden, 1987, pp. 139f.
  6. ^ Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 756-7 ~ 764-5, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 196-7 ~ 209-10, Euripides, Medea 989-90 ~ 996-7, Iphigenia in Tauris 403 ~ 417, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 580-1. Sicking, Griechische Verslehre, p. 128.
  7. ^ Sicking, Griechische Verslehre, p. 111
  8. ^ Allen and Greenough, New Latin Grammar, section 622
  9. ^ Allen and Greenough, New Latin Grammar, section 626.11
  10. ^ D.S. Raven, Greek Metre: An Introduction, London, 1962, pp. 48-50