Aquificae

Aquificae
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Aquificae
Class: Aquificae Reysenbach 2002
Order: Aquificales Reysenbach 2002
Families
  • Thermosulfidibacter Nunoura et al. 2008
  • Aquificaceae Reysenbach 2002
    • Aquifex Huber and Stetter 1992
    • Hydrogenivirga Nakagawa et al. 2004
    • Hydrogenobacter Kawasumi et al. 1984
    • Hydrogenobaculum Stöhr et al. 2001
    • Thermocrinis Huber et al. 1999
  • Desulfurobacteriaceae L'Haridon et al. 2006
    • Balnearium Takai et al. 2003
    • Desulfurobacterium L'Haridon et al. 1998 emend. L'Haridon et al. 2006
    • Phorcysium ♠ Vetriani 2011
    • Thermovibrio Huber et al. 2002
  • Hydrogenothermaceae Eder and Huber 2003
    • Hydrogenothermus Stöhr et al. 2001
    • Persephonella Götz et al. 2002
    • Sulfurihydrogenibium Takai et al. 2003 emend. O'Neill et al. 2008
    • Venenivibrio Hetzer et al. 2008

The Aquificae phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings.[1][2] They have been found in hot springs, sulfur pools, and thermal ocean vents. Members of the genus Aquifex, for example, are productive in water between 85 to 95 °C. They are the dominant members of most terrestrial neutral to alkaline hot springs above 60 degrees Celsius. They are autotrophs, and are the primary carbon fixers in these environments. They are true bacteria (domain bacteria) as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea.

Taxonomy

There is currently no consensus regarding the taxonomy of genera within Aquificae. One standard text claims that only the genera Aquifex, Calderobacterium, Hydrogenobacter, and Thermocrinis belong in the Aquificales order.[3] Another claims that, in addition to genera within the Aquificaceae and Hydrogenothermaceae families, the following genera are incertae sedis (unclassified), but within Aquificae: Balnearium, Desulfurobacterium, EX-H1 group, and Thermovibrio.

Cavalier-Smith has postulated that Aquificae is part of the Proteobacteria.[4]

Along with Thermotogae, members of Aquificae are thermophilic eubacteria.[2]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [5] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[6] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project [7] [8]

Thermosulfidibacter takaii Nunoura et al. 2008


  Desulfurobacteriaceae

?Phorcysium thermohydrogeniphilum ♠ Vetriani 2011


?Desulfurobacterium crinifex ♠ Alain et al. 2003


Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum L'Haridon et al. 1998




Desulfurobacterium atlanticum L'Haridon et al. 2006


Desulfurobacterium pacificum L'Haridon et al. 2006




Thermovibrio ruber Huber et al. 2002



Balnearium lithotrophicum Takai et al. 2003



Thermovibrio ammonificans Vetriani et al. 2004


Thermovibrio guaymasensis L'Haridon et al. 2006







  Hydrogenothermaceae
  Persephonella

P. guaymasensis Götz et al. 2002



P. hydrogeniphila Nakagawa et al. 2003


P. marina Götz et al. 2002





Venenivibrio stagnispumantis Hetzer et al. 2008



Hydrogenothermus marinus Stöhr et al. 2001

  Sulfurihydrogenibium

S. yellowstonense Nakagawa et al. 2005



S. azorense Aguiar et al. 2004 emend. Nakagawa et al. 2005



S. subterraneum Takai et al. 2003 emend. Nakagawa et al. 2005



S. kristjanssonii Flores et al. 2008


S. rodmanii O'Neill et al. 2008








  Aquificaceae

Hydrogenobaculum acidophilum (Shima and Suzuki 1993) Stöhr et al. 2001



Thermocrinis minervae Huber et al. 1999


  Hydrogenobacter

H. hydrogenophilus (Kryukov et al. 1984) Stöhr et al. 2001


H. thermophilus Kawasumi et al. 1984





Hydrogenobacter subterraneus Takai et al. 2001


?Thermothrix azorensis Odintsova EV et al. (1996)




Thermocrinis ruber Huber et al. 1999



Thermocrinis albus Eder and Huber 2002


  Aquifex

A. aeolicus ♠ Huber and Stetter 2001


A. pyrophilus Huber and Stetter 1992


  Hydrogenivirga

H. calditorris Nakagawa et al. 2004


H. okinawensis Nunoura et al. 2008












Note:
♠ Strain found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)

References

  1. ^ Griffiths E, Gupta RS (January 2006). "Molecular signatures in protein sequences that are characteristics of the phylum Aquificae". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56 (Pt 1): 99–107. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63927-0. PMID 16403873. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16403873. 
  2. ^ a b Horiike T, Miyata D, Hamada K, et al. (January 2009). "Phylogenetic construction of 17 bacterial phyla by new method and carefully selected orthologs". Gene 429 (1–2): 59–64. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.006. PMC 2648810. PMID 19000750. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-1119(08)00524-6. 
  3. ^ Griffiths E, Gupta RS (March 2004). "Signature sequences in diverse proteins provide evidence for the late divergence of the Order Aquificales". Int. Microbiol. 7 (1): 41–52. PMID 15179606. http://www.im.microbios.org/25march04/07%20Griffiths.pdf. 
  4. ^ Catalogue of Organisms: Standing the Heat
  5. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Aquificae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Aquificae. Retrieved 2011-11-17. 
  6. ^ Sayers et al.. "Aquificae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=200783&lvl=6&lin. Retrieved 2011-06-05. 
  7. ^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_106/LTPs106_SSU_tree.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-17. 
  8. ^ "Bergey's Taxonomic Outlines: Volume 4 - Draft Taxonomic Outline of the Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Chlamydiae, Spirochaetes, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Dictyoglomi, and Gemmatimonadetes". Bergey's Manual Trust: 15. 2008. http://bergeys.org/outlines/Bergeys_Vol_4_Outline.pdf. 
Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification (phyla and orders)
Domain: Archaea – Bacteria – Eukaryota
G-/
OM
Caulobacterales · Kiloniellales · Kordiimonadales · Parvularculales · Rhizobiales · Rhodobacterales · Rhodospirillales · Rickettsiales · Sneathiellales · Sphingomonadales
Campylobacterales · Nautiliales
Other GN
G+/
no OM
Selenomonadales
Erysipelotrichia
Erysipelotrichiales
Actinomycetales · Bifidobacteriales · Acidimicrobiales · Coriobacteriales · Nitriliruptorales · Rubrobacterales · Thermoleophilales · Solirubrobacterales

M: BAC

bact (clas)

gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o

drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc)