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Apache Tomcat Default Page |
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| Developer(s) | Apache Software Foundation |
| Stable release | 7.0.23[1] / November 20, 2011 |
| Development status | Active |
| Written in | Java |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Servlet container HTTP web server |
| License | Apache License 2.0 |
| Website | http://tomcat.apache.org |
Apache Tomcat (or Jakarta Tomcat or simply Tomcat) is an open source web server and servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the JavaServer Pages (JSP) specifications from Oracle Corporation, and provides a "pure Java" HTTP web server environment for Java code to run.
Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server; these two web servers are not bundled together, although they are frequently used together as part of a server application stack. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration files.
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Tomcat version 4.x was released with Catalina ( servlet container), Coyote (an HTTP connector) and Jasper (a JSP engine).
Catalina is Tomcat's servlet container. Catalina implements Sun Microsystems' specifications for servlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP). In Tomcat, a Realm element represents a "database" of usernames, passwords, and roles (similar to Unix groups) assigned to those users. Different implementations of Realm allow Catalina to be integrated into environments where such authentication information is already being created and maintained, and then utilize that information to implement Container Managed Security as described in the Servlet Specification.To implement the Java based applications HTTP webserver..[2]
Coyote is Tomcat's HTTP Connector component that supports the HTTP 1.1 protocol for the web server or application container. Coyote listens for incoming connections on a specific TCP port on the server and forwards the request to the Tomcat Engine to process the request and send back a response to the requesting client.
Jasper is Tomcat's JSP Engine. Tomcat 5.x uses Jasper 2, which is an implementation of the Sun Microsystems's JavaServer Pages 2.0 specification. Jasper parses JSP files to compile them into Java code as servlets (that can be handled by Catalina). At runtime, Jasper detects changes to JSP files and recompiles them.
From Jasper to Jasper 2, important features were added:
javac.Tomcat 7.x implements the Servlet 3.0 and JSP 2.2 specifications.[3] It requires Java version 1.6, although previous versions have run on Java 1.1 through 1.5. Versions 5 through 6 saw improvements in garbage collection, JSP parsing, performance and scalability. Native wrappers, known as "Tomcat Native", are available for Microsoft Windows and Unix for platform integration.
Experienced users can build and install Tomcat manually from source code after installing such dependencies as the Java Development Kit and the Apache Ant build tool.
Depending on the usage requirements, Tomcat may either be deployed as a standalone pure-Java web server or as a component in a more complex configuration in which it serves as a back-end which handles requests passed to it from a general purpose web server such as Apache, using a connector such as mod_jk supplied by the Apache Tomcat team, or mod_proxy an optional module for the Apache HTTP Server supplied by the Apache HTTP Server team.
Tomcat started off as a servlet reference implementation by James Duncan Davidson, a software architect at Sun Microsystems. He later helped make the project open source and played a key role in its donation by Sun to the Apache Software Foundation. The Apache Ant software build automation tool was developed as a side-effect of the creation of Tomcat as an open source project.
Davidson had initially hoped that the project would become open sourced and, since many open source projects had O'Reilly books associated with them featuring an animal on the cover, he wanted to name the project after an animal. He came up with Tomcat since he reasoned the animal represented something that could fend for itself. Although the tomcat was already in use for another O'Reilly title, his wish to see an animal cover eventually came true when O'Reilly published their Tomcat book with a snow leopard on the cover.[4]
| Version | Release Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 3.0.x. (initial release) | 1999 | Merger of donated Sun Java Web Server code and ASF and Implements Servlet 2.2 and JSP 1.1 specifications. |
| 3.3.2 | 2004-03-09 | Latest 3.x release. |
| 4.1.31 | 2004-10-11 | |
| 4.1.36 | 2008-03-24 | |
| 4.1.39 | 2008-12-03 | |
| 4.1.40 | 2009-06-25 | Latest 4.x release. |
| 5.0.0 | 2002-10-09 | |
| 5.0.23 | ||
| 5.0.24 | 2004-05-09 | |
| 5.0.28 | 2004-08-28 | |
| 5.0.30 | 2004-08-30 | Latest 5.0.x release |
| 5.5.0 | 2004-08-31 | |
| 5.5.1 | 2004-09-07 | |
| 5.5.4 | 2004-11-10 | |
| 5.5.7 | 2005-01-30 | |
| 5.5.9 | 2005-04-11 | |
| 5.5.12 | 2005-10-09 | |
| 5.5.15 | 2006-01-21 | |
| 5.5.16 | 2006-03-16 | |
| 5.5.17 | 2006-04-28 | |
| 5.5.20 | 2006-09-01 | |
| 5.5.23 | 2007-03 | |
| 5.5.25 | 2007-09 | |
| 5.5.26 | 2008-02 | |
| 5.5.27 | 2008-09-08 | |
| 5.5.28 | 2009-09-04 | |
| 5.5.30 | 2010-07-09 | |
| 5.5.31 | 2010-09-16 | |
| 5.5.32 | 2011-02-01 | |
| 5.5.33 | 2011-02-10 | |
| 5.5.34 | 2011-09-22 | Latest 5.5.x release |
| 6.0.0 | 2006-12-01 | |
| 6.0.10 | 2007-03-01 | |
| 6.0.13 | 2007-05-15 | |
| 6.0.14 | 2007-08-13 | |
| 6.0.16 | 2008-02-07 | |
| 6.0.18 | 2008-07-31 | |
| 6.0.20 | 2009-06-03 | |
| 6.0.24 | 2010-01-21 | |
| 6.0.26 | 2010-03-11 | |
| 6.0.28 | 2010-07-09 | |
| 6.0.29 | 2010-07-22 | |
| 6.0.30 | 2011-01-13 | |
| 6.0.32 | 2011-02-03 | |
| 6.0.33 | 2011-08-18 | |
| 6.0.35 | 2011-11-28 | Latest 6.x release. |
| 7.0.0 beta | 2010-06-29 | First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 3.0, JSP 2.2, and EL 2.2 specifications. |
| 7.0.4 beta | 2010-10-21 | |
| 7.0.5 beta | 2010-12-01 | |
| 7.0.6 | 2011-01-14 | |
| 7.0.8 | 2011-02-05 | |
| 7.0.10 | 2011-03-07 | |
| 7.0.11 | 2011-03-11 | |
| 7.0.12 | 2011-04-06 | |
| 7.0.14 | 2011-05-12 | |
| 7.0.16 | 2011-06-17 | |
| 7.0.19 | 2011-07-19 | |
| 7.0.20 | 2011-08-11 | Fourth stable version. |
| 7.0.21 | 2011-09-01 | |
| 7.0.22 | 2011-10-01 | |
| 7.0.23 | 2011-11-20 | Current stable version. |
Apache software is built in a community process, with both user and developer mailing lists. The developer list is where discussion on building and testing the next release takes place, while the user list is where users can discuss their problems with the developers and other users.
A number of free Apache Tomcat resources and communities have developed in 2010 including Tomcatexpert.com, a SpringSource sponsored community for developers and operators who are running Apache Tomcat in large-scale production environments, and MuleSoft's Apache Tomcat Resource Center, where you can find instructional guides on installing, updating, configuring, monitoring, troubleshooting and securing various versions of Tomcat.
Apache TomEE (pronounced "Tommy") is the Java Enterprise Edition of Apache Tomcat (Tomcat + Java EE = TomEE) that combines several Java enterprise projects including Apache OpenEJB, Apache OpenWebBeans, Apache OpenJPA, Apache MyFaces and others.[5] In October 2011, the project obtained certification by Oracle Corporation as a compatible implementation of the Java EE 6 Web Profile.[6][7]
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