Anosy

Anosy Region
—  Region  â€”
Location in Madagascar
Country  Madagascar
Capital TĂŽlanaro
Area[1]
 â€ą Total 25,731 km2 (9,934.8 sq mi)
Population (2004)[1]
 â€ą Total 544,200
 â€ą Density 21.1/km2 (54.6/sq mi)
Time zone EAT (UTC3)

Anosy is a region in southeastern Madagascar. It borders Androy region in west, Atsimo-Andrefana in north-west, Ihorombe in north and Atsimo-Atsinanana in north-east. This region runs from approximately Manantenina in the northeast corner of the region, west to Ranomafana, west to the Mandrare river. The distance from Manantenina at the northern edge of Anosy to the Mandrare river at the south is almost 150 km. However, "anosy" means island or islands in Malagasy. Some argue anosy is named after the island in the Fanjahira (now named Efaho) river where the Zafiraminia first settled when they arrived in this region in the 16th century, while others argue it means "land of the islands" because of the large amount of water in this region. In particular during the rainy season, the Efaho valley floods, creating many temporary islands.

The capital is TĂŽlanaro and the population, which is primarily now described as the Antanosy, was estimated to be 544,200 in 2004. There are also Antandroy living in this region, especially in Tolagnaro and in the Amboasary-Sud district. Finally, there are Malagasy from other parts of the island who also live and work here.

The area of Anosy is 25,731 km2 (9,935 sq mi).[1]

The region is divided into three districts:

For an excellent source of information about the Anosy region see.[2]

Contents

[hide]

Economic activities

[3][4][5]

Agriculture

[6][7] [8]

Fishing

[2][14][15][16]

Forestry

[17][18][19] [20]

Mining

Introduction – Mining has been occurring in Anosy for at least the last 100 years as Mica has been an export since the early 1900s, Uranothorianite was mined from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, for several years being Madagascar's second most valuable export. Sapphires briefly became a major export in the early- to mid-1990s and today Qit Mining Madagascar (QMM), which is 80% Rio Tinto and 20% Malagasy government) is exporting 750,000 tons/yr of Ilmenite, along with 40,000 tons/yr of Rutile and Zircon. There are also major deposits of bauxite and prospecting is ongoing for uranium as well as a variety of rare earth minerals.[28][29][30]

While quite a bit of mining has been done in Anosy over the last 60 years, a paraphrased translation of a 2002 post in Malagasy on the internet[31] shared skepticism of the benefits to Malagasy of the mining which has occurred in Anosy to date:
"- Is Manantenina, the town near the major Bauxite deposit in Anosy, progressing today?
– How many large stone houses are left in Ambatomika where Uranium was mined?
– How many schools were built in Sarisambo with funds from the Monazite mined there?
– What is left in Andranodambo where Sapphires were mined? Holes are the only souvenirs left here.
– What are the benefits left in the Tranomaro area where Mica was [and continues to be] mined?"

per Book chapters, News reports, Research studies, etc.)[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]

per the Malagasy government[51]

per various NGOs[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]

per Rio Tinto/QMM & SODEXHO[66][67][68][69][70]

per the GIZ & World Bank[71][72][73][74]

Tourism

Given its pleasant climate (average temperature of 200 in July to 270 Celsius in January), magnificint beaches, natural reserves (including several containing lemurs), variety of hotels and that it's only a one hour flight from Antananarivo, some have given Tolagnaro the title of "la cote d'Azur Malgache." Popular places to visit include Evatraha, Libanona beach, Lokaro, Manafiafy, Nahampoana and Vinanibe.[93][94]

Environment

[4][108][109][110]

Biodiversity, conservation, and ecology

Geography, geology, and hydrology

The information in this section is primarily from [120] and is primarily about the immediate Tolagnaro region. For additional information see[78][121][122] [123]

There are 3 major rivers in Anosy, the Mandrare along the southern border, the Efaho (formerly called the Fanjahira) just west of Tolagnaro and the Manampanihy which drains the Ranomafana valley, emptying into the ocean at Manantenina.[78]

Weather

The average temparture in Tolagnaro ranges from 26 degrees C in January and February to 20 degrees in July, with the temperature of the ocean ranging from 25 degrees in January and February to 19 degrees in June and July. The humidity of Tolagnaro ranges from 77to 84% all year long.

In general, Anosy's rainfall ranges from very wet and humid on the northeast to increasingly arid as one moves towards the southwest. In Tolagnaro the average rainfall is over 150mm/month for November through the rainiest month of April (which is almost 190mm) and then dips down to less than 100mm for the months of September and October. Tolagnaro is a windy town, with Force 6 winds from 6 to 13 days/month for 5 months of the year (including August through November) and Force 4 winds of 11 to 24 days/month for 11 months of the year.

[2][124][125] [126][127]

General background

[2][132][133]

Infrastructure

Community development

Integrated Growth Pole Project[134][135][136][137] LARO[3] PHBM[138][139] Other[140][141]

– Presently working in Anosy[142][143][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162]

– Recently worked in Anosy[163][164][165]

Education

As of 1997–98, literacy at the primary level was 22% for boys, 23% for girls. Literacy is less than 20% in some of Anosy's rural areas.

Electrification

While Tolagnaro historically has had electricity for many years, the growth of the town and poor condition of the town's generators has meant QMM now has taken over the production of the town's electricity. The only other town in Anosy with electricity is Amboasary.

As of 2008, rural electrification in Anosy was only 7%. While a program entitled PEPSE Anosy was proposed to provide electricity from wind generators to 8 towns (Analapatsy, Ifarantsa, Ifotaka, Mahatalaky, Manantenina, Sampona, Soanierana & Tanandava), there is no evidence this project has been started (see[181] for further information).[182]

Healthcare

Maps

There are several different maps of the Anosy area, several of them available online courtesy of the University of Texas' (Austin) map collection.[193][194][195] In terms of Malagasy maps of Anosy for sale, FTM is the source to go to[196] including maps No. 12 Tolanaro (eastern coast north of Tolagnaro) and No. 11 Ampanihy (which is actually a map of southern Madagascar, from Tolagnaro across to Toliary). These are a part of their collection of 12 Maps of Madagascar. They also have a 1:1,000,000 of Southern Madagascar. In addition there is a recent map of Tolagnaro[197] as well as one of the Andohahela National Park.[198]

Finally, in terms of much older, European maps of the area which are online, for Fort Dauphin, created by Flacourt back in the mid-1600s, see.[199] For a map of the Anosy region created by Flacourt mid-1600s, see.[200] For a map of the coastline of eastern Madagascar (Mananjary south to Fort Dauphin), with detail about both the Fort Dauphin harbor as well as St. Luce (Manafiafy), see.[201] For Flacourt's map of the community at Tranovato see [202]

Population

While the people who have historically lived in Anosy are known as the Antanosy, they may be more accurately described as "those from Anosy" given Anosy's history. In addition there are many Antandroy living in Anosy, primarily Tolagnaro, along with Malagasy from the rest of the island, many of them now working for QMM's mining efforts. There are Asians who own many of the shops in town and there are also a few Europeans living in Tolagnaro working in the area(s) of Conservation, Mining, Tourism or for the Catholic church. While there were many French living and working in the Anosy region during the French occupation of Madagascar, most had left by the mid-1970s. Tolagnaro was also the center for work by American Lutherans, primarily in southern Madagascar, from the 1890s to the mid-1980s (see History of Anosy). Much more recently, there were over 700 Expatriates, primarily from South Africa, who worked on the construction of the new port and mining facilities.

Religions

The majority of those living in Anosy practice traditional Folk religion. The two largest Christian denominations in the Anosy region are the Roman Catholic and the Malagasy Lutheran churches. There is also a small Muslim community.

The Catholic church was established in what was then still Fort Dauphin in 1896. It currently has 5 parishes, with about 170 congregations and 16 Cures.[203][204][205]

Of the Protestants in Anosy, the vast majority of them Lutheran. There are approximately 20 Malagasy Lutheran pastors working with 134 churches in the Tolagnaro Synod, meaning each pastor works with between 3 and 12 churches.[206][207]

In addition to the Malagasy Lutheran Church, the Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar (FJKM) has several congregations in the Anosy region.

Timeline of Anosy

The early history of Anosy at this point in time is based primarily on archeological digs in the Efaho valley, just west of Tolagnaro, though there has also been some work done just east and north of town. By far the best source regarding the history of Anosy (especially the Efaho valley) in the last 1,000 years is by Rakotoarisoa (1998).[208] Also see.[209] Other excellent sources for the early history of Anosy are by Wright et al.[210][211][212] as well as Dewar and Wright[213] who also describe the early history of several other parts of Madagascar. Also see [214][215]

Maliovola phase of the Efaho Valley (11th–13th centuries)

11th–13th centuries

Ambinanibe phase of the Efaho Valley (and ZafiRaminia arrival) (14th–15th centuries)

14th century

15th century

-- Arrival of the ZafiRaminia

Tranovato and Portuguese phases of the Efaho Valley (16th – early 17th centuries)

16th century

-- Portugal's brief presence in Anosy (1508–1617)

[Much of the information about this period is from Larson (2007)[218] which is a much more in depth analysis of this time. Also see Pearson (1997)[219] and Canitrot (1921).[220]

Ehoala and initial French phases of the Efaho Valley (17th century)

17th century

-- Initial French attempt to set up a Colony in Anosy (1642–1674) [See Larson (2007)[222] and Pearson (1997) for where much of the information on this period came. For additional information see [223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233])

Hoala phase of the Efaho Valley (18th–19th centuries)

18th century[236][237][238]

19th century[239][240][241]

Imerina control of Fort Dauphin area (1825–1895)

(Rakotoarisoa, 1998).[242][243]

French control of Anosy (1896–1960)

(Rakotoarisoa, 1998).[208]

20th century[247] Also see

Anosy as part of the Republic of Madagascar (1960–present)

(Rakotoarisoa, 1998).[208] First Republic, led by President Philibert Tsiranana (1960–1972)

Second Republic, led by Admiral Didier Ratsiraka (1975–1991)

Third Republic, led by Presidents Albert Zafy, Didier Ratsiraka and Marc Ravalomanana (1992–2009).

21st century

Fourth Republic led by Rajoelina (2010–present)

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  127. ^ Fort-Dauphin.
  128. ^ Fort Dauphin (Tolagnaro) weather per AOL.weather.
  129. ^ Fort Dauphin (Tolagnaro) weather per Tribune.com
  130. ^ Fort Dauphin (Tolagnaro) weather per wunderground.com
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  134. ^ FAO. (2005). Creation d'un pole de developpement dans la region Anosy-Androy.
  135. ^ Pact, Inc. et al. (2004, Nov). Laro.
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  137. ^ RAHARISON Lalaniaina. (2007). Partenariat public/prive cas du projet Pole Integre de Croissance et de la QMM SA a Tolagnaro. Universite d'Antananarivo.
  138. ^ Benoit Thierry et al. (2010). Nourishing the land, nourishing the people.
  139. ^ Projet des Hauts Basins versants de Mandrare (funded by World Bank)
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  141. ^ Talbot, Jennifer. (2008). USAID Alliance Anosy.
  142. ^ African Impact.
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  144. ^ Anosy Community Development Trust
  145. ^ ALT. (2009?). ALT Project HEPA.
  146. ^ ALT. (200?). Project HEPA: Oral Testimony 2007–2009
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  148. ^ Anosy Villages Integrated Action Project (AVIA). (See [3] for a video report of their work.)]
  149. ^ Asity Madagascar
  150. ^ Azafady (See [4] for a video report of their work. For an evaluation, see [5] Menard, N. L. (2008). Evolution and Evaluation of a Non-Governmental Organization in Southeastern Madagascar: A Case Study of Azafady. Master Thesis, University of Oregon.)]
  151. ^ CARE
  152. ^ CRS in Madagascar
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  154. ^ Global Health Ministries (also see AVIA)
  155. ^ Libanona Ecology Centre.
  156. ^ Nando Peretti Foundation's Project Sekoly
  157. ^ SALFA
  158. ^ SanteNet
  159. ^ SIT Study Abroad – Madagascar.
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