Anaimalai Hills
- See Anamala Hill for the hill
The Anamala Hills (Tamil: ஆனைமலை, Malayalam: ആനമല) is a range of mountains in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of South India. The name "Anamala" derives from the word 'Ana' meaning elephant[2] and 'Mala' meaning hill, thus Elephant Hill. The highest peak of the Anamala Hills is Anamudi, (2,695 meters (8,842 ft)), located in the Idukki district of Kerala. It is the highest peak in India, south of the Himalayas. To the north, Palghat Gap divides the Western Ghats. The lower slopes of hills now have coffee and tea plantations as well as teak forests of great economic value.
The Western Ghats, Anamala Sub-Cluster, including the Anamala Hills, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site.[3]
Geography
These hills are located between 10° 13' and 10° 31' N. and 76° 52' and 77° 23' E., central point: . They form a southern portion of the Western Ghats. Anamala Hills are south of where the Western Ghats are broken by the Palghat Gap, which in turn is south of the Nilgiri Hills. They border the state of Kerala on the Southwest and the Cardamom Hills to the southeast. To the east are the Palni Hills.
Their geological formation is metamorphic gneiss, veined with felspar and quartz, and interspersed with reddish porphyrite.[4] Twelve Major forest types are found in the area which are now fragmented by many coffee and tea plantations on the lower slopes and teak plantations higher up. Monsoon rains are heavy. Annual rainfall varies from 2,000 mm to 5,000 mm in the area.[5]
Fauna
Anamala hills are known for their abundant wildlife. Eravikulam National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Anamalas Tiger Reserve and the adjacentThe Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in these hills are well known for elephants. Numerous wildlife species can be seen including elephants, gaur, water buffaloes, tigers, panthers, sloth bears, pangolins, Black-headed Orioles, crocodiles, Green Pigeons, civet cats, Dhole, Sambar and 31 groups of endangered lion-tailed macaques.,[6][7] Birds seen include Pied hornbill, Red Whiskered Bulbul and Drongo.
Hydrology
There are several rivers in the area including: the Aliayar river, Apambar River, Chinnar River, Kaddambarrai river, the Neerar river, Mannambhally, Pambar River and Parambikulam River. There are several large dams are in the area including: Aliayar Dam, Amaravathi Dam, Kaddambarrai dam, Neerar Dam, Sholayar Dam (one of the biggest of its kind in Asia), Mannambhally Dam, and the largest capacity dam in India, the Parambikulam Dam.
Visitor information
The Anamala hills are a trekking destination in the Western Ghats. The best time to visit this place is during November to mid May. SH-17 passes through the Anamala Hills, between Udumalapet and Munnar. The nearest town is Munnar. The nearest International Airport is in Cochin.
Further reading
- Anamalas, the 'elephant mountains' Chapter One, Field Days: A Naturalist's Journey Through South and Southeast Asia By A. J. T. Johnsingh Contributor A. J. T. Johnsingh Published by Orient Blackswan, 2006 ISBN 81-7371-552-1, 9788173715525 339 pages
- British Library, India Office WD567, Hamilton, Douglas (1818–1892); Album of 17 drawings of views in the Anamala Hills (Cochin and Madras), pen-and-ink, 1863, European school| British school
- British Library, India Office WD568, Hamilton, Douglas (1818–1892); Album of 15 drawings of views in the Anamala Hills (Cochin and Madras), pen-and-ink, 1863, European school| British school
References
- ^ Archaean continental collision
- ^ Fabricius, Johann Philipp. (1972) J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary, 4th ed., rev. and enl. Tranquebar: Evangelical Lutheran Mission Pub. House, retrieved 6/18/2007 anai (āṉai), an elephant
- ^ UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Niligiris. retrieved 4/20/2007 World Heritage sites, Tentative lists
- ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ANAMALA HILLS
- ^ Sajeev T.K. et al., Management of Forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forest Productivity- A New Perspective, WII-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Grant No. FG-In-780 (In-FS-120), Volume III (ACA) Anamala Conservation Area.
- ^ Singh M, Singh M, Kumar MA, Kumara HN, Sharma AK, Kaumanns W. (2002) Distribution, population structure, and conservation of lion-tailed macarques (Macaca silenus) in the Anamala Hills, Western Ghats, India, Am J Primatol, Jun;57(2):91-102.Abstract
- ^ H. N. Kumara, M. Ananda Kumar, A. K. Sharma, H. S. Sushma, Mridula Singh and Mewa Singh (11/10/2004) Diversity and management of wild mammals in tea gardens in the rainforest regions of the Western Ghats, India: A case study from a tea estate in the Anamala Hills CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 87, NO. 9, retrieved 6/18/2007 PDF
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