African Union Mission to Somalia

African Union Mission in Somalia
Participant in the Somali Civil War
Active February 2007 –
Leaders Major General Nathan Mugisha
Major General Cyprien Hakiza
Headquarters Mogadishu
Area of
operations
Central and southern Somalia
Allies Transitional Federal Government

Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a

Opponents al-Shabaab

ARS (dis)
Hizbul Islam (dis)
al-Qaeda

The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) is an active, regional peacekeeping mission operated by the African Union with the approval of the United Nations in Somalia. AMISOM is mandated to support transitional governmental structures, implement a national security plan, train the Somali security forces, and to assist in creating a secure environment for the delivery of humanitarian aid.[1]

It was created by the African Union's Peace and Security Council on 19 January 2007 with an initial six month mandate.[2] On 21 February 2007 the United Nations Security Council approved the mission's mandate.[3] Subsequent six-monthly renewals of AMISOM's mandate by the African Union Peace and Security Council have also been authorised by the United Nations Security Council.[4][5]

AMISOM's UN mandate was extended for a further six month in August 2008 by UNSCR 1831.[6][7]

Contents

Origin of the mission

AMISOM replaced and subsumed the IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia or IGASOM, which was a proposed Intergovernmental Authority on Development protection and training mission to Somalia approved by the African Union on September 14, 2006.[8] IGASOM was also approved by the United Nations Security Council on December 6, 2006.[9]

IGASOM was originally proposed for immediate implementation in March 2005 to provide peacekeeping forces for the latest phase of the Somali Civil War.[10]

At that time, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) had not yet taken control of Mogadishu, and most hopes for national unity lay with the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) which had organized in Nairobi, Kenya in 2004 and were planning to established a provisional capital in Baidoa, Bay region, Somalia.

By May 2006, the situation was radically different, as the ICU had recently been engaged by the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism or ARPCT and was fighting for control of Mogadishu in the Second Battle of Mogadishu. By June, they had established control of the capital. Fighting began to spread to other parts of the nation as the ICU gained ground.

Plans for IGASOM continued, though by July there were indications of opposition from the ICU, who saw the initiative as a US-backed, Western means to curb the growth of their Islamic movement.[11]

Until December 2006, the UN Security Council had imposed an arms embargo on the group,[12] but the embargo was partially lifted and a mandate for IGASOM issued on 6 December 2006 for six months.[13]

On 21 February 2007, the United Nations Security Council authorised the African Union to deploy a peacekeeping mission with a mandate of six months.[3] In March 2007, Ugandan military officials arrived on the ground in Somalia.[14] On 20 August 2007, the United Nations Security Council extended the African Union's authorisation to continue deploying AMISOM for a further six months and requested the Secretary-General to explore the option of replacing AMISOM with a United Nations Peacekeeping Operation to Somalia.[4]

Mission planning

Scope of the mission

IGASOM was expected to eventually reach 8,000 troops, with an expected cost of $335 million for the first year. According to UN Security Council Resolution 1725, states bordering Somalia would not be eligible to deploy troops under IGASOM. The remaining (non-bordering) IGAD member nations include Sudan, Eritrea, and Uganda. Because of the objection of the burden falling on these three nations alone (and the rivalry between Ethiopia and Eritrea), the mission was expanded to include other Member States of the African Union .

AMISOM has a different composition. As proposed, it is to comprise an initial 3 battalions, growing to a total of 9 battalions of 850 troops each, which would serve for an initial stabilization period of 6 months. The mission was to be modelled after the African Union Mission in Burundi (AMIB).[2]

ICU resistance

As early as March 25, 2005 Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys of the Union of Islamic Courts warned any peacekeepers would be unwelcome in the country. He was quoted by the BBC as saying, "We will fight fiercely to the death any intervention force that arrives in Somalia."[15] Yet at the time, the ICU was not the political or military force it was to become later.

Faced with the ascendancy of the ICU after taking over the capital in the Second Battle of Mogadishu between May and June, 2006, UN-watchers were growing concerned with the level of hostility of the ICU towards the proposed IGASOM mission.[11]

Though IGAD and the ICU met and published a cordial and formal communique[16] committing the ICU to the IGAD plans on December 2, by the time United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725 was passed on December 6,[9] the ICU was openly and militantly opposed to peacekeepers entering Somalia, and vowed to treat any peacekeepers as hostile forces. Because of regional divisions, there were also UIC resistance to allowing Ethiopian troops be part of the mission. Ethiopia, for its part, was leery of allowing Eritrean troops to be members of the IGAD peacekeeping force.

In the face of ICU threats, Uganda, the only IGAD members who had openly offered to send forces (a battalion), withdrew in the face of concerns of the present feasibility of the mission.[17][18][19] In Uganda's defense, the crisis does not allow for peacekeepers when there are active hostilities conducted with heavy weapons (see Battle of Baidoa).

On December 23, 2006, the fate and feasibility of IGASOM remained uncertain, though US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice met with Ugandan Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa to obtain assurances and emphasize plans to deploy IGASOM early in 2007.[20]

On January 1, 2007, after the defeat of the ICU in various battles in December 2006, Uganda again renewed its pledge of a battalion of troops. Between Uganda and Nigeria (which is a Member State of the African Union, but not of IGAD), there was a pledge of a total of 8,000 peacekeepers.[21] Malawi also pledged to send forces,[22] while Ghana, Rwanda and Tanzania may do so.[23]

Gathering support

Following the defeat of the Islamic Courts Union in December 2006 – January 2007 the international community began to gather both fiscal commitments as well as military forces for the mission. Nations of the African Union (AU) outside the IGAD community were drawn on to provide support.

On January 17, 2007, the US ambassador to Kenya, Michael Ranneberger, said the US pledged $40 million to support the deployment of a peacekeeping force for Somalia.[24] By January 20, the European Union followed with a pledge of 15 million euros.[25]

On January 19, 2007 the mission was formally defined and approved by the African Union at the 69th meeting of the Peace and Security Council.[2]

On January 22, 2007 Malawi agreed to send a half-battalion to a battalion (ranging widely anywhere between approximately 400 to 1,200 troops) for a peacekeeping mission to Somalia.[26]

On January 24, 2007 Nigeria pledged a battalion (a force between 770 and 1,100 troops) to join the Somali peacekeeping mission.[27]

On February 1, 2007 Burundi committed to the peacekeeping mission, pledging up to 1,000 troops.[28] By March 27, it was confirmed that 1700 Burundian peacekeepers would be sent to Somalia.[29]

On February 2, 2007, the United Nations Security Council welcomed the advent of the African Union and IGAD-led peacekeeping mission.[30]

On February 5, 2007 Tanzania offered to train Somali government troops, but not to deploy peacekeepers.[31]

On February 9, 2007 a gathering of 800 Somali demonstrators in north Mogadishu, where Islamist support was strongest, burned U.S., Ethiopian, and Ugandan flags in protest of the proposed peacekeeping mission. A masked representative of the resistance group, the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations, said Ethiopian troops would be attacked in their hotels; the same group had made a video warning peacekeepers to avoid coming to Somalia.[32] By this date, Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi and Burundi had committed to the peacekeeping mission, but the total force was about half of the proposed 8,000-strong force.[33] Uganda had pledged 1,400 troops and some armored vehicles for a mission lasting up to 9 months, and the AU had pledged $11.6 million.[34]

On February 16, 2007 Uganda announced it would deploy 1,500 well-seasoned troops as early as Saturday, February 17, 2007 under the command of Major General Levi Karuhanga. The troops had been training for two years in preparation for the mission.[35]

The Burundian troops were technically ready to go in early August 2007, but equipment promised by the United States and France had not yet arrived.[36] On December 23, 2007, an advance force of 100 Burundians was deployed[37] and another 100 soldiers arrived on 2007-12-24.[38] By late 2008, 1,700 Burundian soldiers were deployed to Mogadishu.[39]

Expanding role

In a closed door meeting in Kampala on 22 July 2010, AU ministers agreed to expand the mission's mandate from a peacekeeping focus to a peace-enforcement focus that would engage al-Shabaab more directly. The decision came soon after deadly bomb attacks in the Ugandan capital.[40] A few days later in response to UN pressure, the AU agreed not to expand the mandate but did allow preemptive strikes against Al-Shabaab and promised more troops from other African countries.[41]

On July 23, 2010, Djibouti and Guinea pledged troops to AMISOM.[42]

In March 2011 Burundi sent 1,000 extra soldiers to AMISOM, bringing the total number of Burundi troops deployed to 4,400.[43]

Organization

Commanders

No. Name Country Took command Left command Note
1 General Levi Karuhanga  Uganda 14 February 2007 3 March 2008
2 Major General Francis Okello  Uganda 3 March 2008 7 July 2009
3 Major General Nathan Mugisha[44]  Uganda 7 July 2009 15 June 2011[45]
4 Major General Fredrick Mugisha  Uganda 15 June 2011[46][47]

Deputy commanders

No. Name Country Took command Left command Note
1 Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza  Burundi 2008 17 September 2009 KIA
2 Major General Cyprien Hakiza  Burundi September 2009

Spokespersons

No. Name Country Took command Left command Note
1 Captain Paddy Akunda[44]  Uganda March 2007 2008
2 Major Barigye Bohuko[48]  Uganda 2008 3 May 2011
3 Lt. Colonel Paddy Akunda[49][50]  Uganda 3 May 2011 Incumbent

UPDF contingent commanders

No. Name Country Took command Left command Note
1 Colonel Mikael Ondoga[44]  Uganda 3 May 2011
2 Colonel Paul Lokech[44]  Uganda 3 May 2011 Incumbent

Civil staff

The civilian staff of AMISOM has been operating from Nairobi, Kenya since 2008 due to the security situation in Mogadishu, Somalia.[51]

Since the beginning of 2011 AMISOM and TFG has taken control over several strategic places in Mogadishu after several offensives against Al-Shabaab.

With the expanded control over the capital AMISOM on 16th May 2011 moved the civil staff and police officers to Mogadishu. This includes Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for Somalia (SRCC) Ambassador Boubacar Gaoussou Diarra and deputy (SRCC) Honourable Wafula Wamunyinyi.[51]

Deployment

Troops

Country Number of troops Casualties
Uganda People's Defence Force 5,210[52] 57+ killed 81+ wounded, 17 deceased
Military of Burundi 4,400[52][53] 88+ killed 43+ wounded, 50+ deceased,
1 captured
Military of Djibouti 200[54] none none
Military of Kenya 10[52][55] none none
Military of Ghana 9[52][56] none none
Nigerian Armed Forces 8[52][57] none none
Military of Sierra Leone 8[52][58] none none
Cameroun, Mali, Sénégal, Zambie 4[52][59] none none
Total 9,849 169 killed
(14 unidentified)
177+ wounded, 67+ deceased,
1 captured,
2 missing

Casualties and Injuries

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

See also

References

  1. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1772 S-RES-1772(2007) page 3 in 2007 (retrieved 2008-03-13)
  2. ^ a b c "69th meeting of the peace and Security Council". Agence de Presse Africaine. 2007-01-22. http://www.apanews.net/article.php3?id_article=19420. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  3. ^ a b United Nations Security Council Resolution 1744 S-RES-1744(2007) in 2007 (retrieved 2008-03-13)
  4. ^ a b United Nations Security Council Resolution 1772 S-RES-1772(2007) in 2007 (retrieved 2008-03-13)
  5. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1801 S-RES-1801(2008) in 2008 (retrieved 2008-03-13)
  6. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1831 S-RES-1831(2008) in 2008 (retrieved 2008-08-21)
  7. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbatim Report meeting 5942 on 23 July 2008 (retrieved 2008-08-21)
  8. ^ "African Union endorses regional peace plan". Reuters. September 14, 2006.
  9. ^ a b United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725 S-RES-1725(2006) in 2006 (retrieved 2008-03-13)
  10. ^ "IGAD to deploy peacekeepers despite opposition by faction leaders", IRIN, March 16, 2005
  11. ^ a b Security Council Report: July 2006: Somalia Security Council Report
  12. ^ Sam Kutesa: We call on the Security Council to lift the arms embargo to enable deployment of IGASOM and AU Forces."
  13. ^ [1]
  14. ^ [2]
  15. ^ Somali 'jihad' on foreign troops BBC
  16. ^ Communique IGAD
  17. ^ Security Council Report: December 2006: Somalia Security Council Report
  18. ^ Controversy in Ugandan government over sending troops to Somalia Shabelle Media Network
  19. ^ Uganda in quandary of sending peacekeepers to Somalia Shabelle Media Networks
  20. ^ [3] Voice of America
  21. ^ Ugandan troops ready to deploy to Somalia within days Shabelle Media Network
  22. ^ Latest News – SomaliNet
  23. ^ "Five killed in Mogadishu attacks". BBC News. January 26, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6301809.stm. Retrieved April 23, 2010. 
  24. ^ "US gives Somalia Sh6.4 billion". Kenya Times. 2007-01-17. http://www.timesnews.co.ke/18jan07/nwsstory/news3.html. Retrieved 2007-01-17. 
  25. ^ "AU wants UN role in Somalia". Reuters. 2007-01-20. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/964109. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  26. ^ "Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia". IRIN. 2007-01-22. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/LSGZ-6XPDQ4?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  27. ^ "Nigeria to send peacekeeping battalion to Somalia". Reuters. 2007-01-24. http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=newsOne&storyid=2007-01-24T172204Z_01_L24359913_RTRUKOT_0_TEXT0.xml. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  28. ^ "Burundi joins Somalia peace force". BBC. 2007-02-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6319937.stm. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  29. ^ "Burundi troops ready to join Somalia peacekeepers". Reuters. 2007-03-27. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27307695.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-02. 
  30. ^ "Security Council press statement on somalia SC/8947 AFR/1495". United Nations Security Council. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/sc8947.doc.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  31. ^ "Tanzania offers to train Somali troops, not deploy". Shabelle Media Networks. 2007-02-05. http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne2248.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  32. ^ "Diplomats stress need for all-inclusive talks on the future of Somalia". USA Today. Associated Press. 2007-02-09. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-09-somalia_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  33. ^ "Peacekeeping protests in Somalia". BBC. 2007-02-09. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6347809.stm. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  34. ^ "Off to Somalia". StrategyPage.com. 2007-02-09. http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/uganda/articles/20070209.aspx. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
  35. ^ "Ugandan Troops Set to Arrive in Somalia as Part of AU Force". Shabelle Media Network. 2007-02-16. http://shabelle.net/news/ne2336.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-16. 
  36. ^ "Burundi delays Somali deployment". BBC News. August 7, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6935033.stm. Retrieved April 23, 2010. 
  37. ^ "Burundi troops join AU in Somalia", BBC News, 23 December 2007
  38. ^ France 24
  39. ^ a b AFP: Burundi completes Somalia deployment
  40. ^ Kazooba, Charles (2010-07-26). "Somalia: AU Ministers Agree to 'Take On' Al Shabaab". allAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/201007250021.html. Retrieved 2010-07-26. 
  41. ^ Kasasira, Risdel; Solomon Muyita (2010-07-28). "Africa: United Nations Blocks Change of Amisom Mandate". allAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/201007280079.html. Retrieved 2010-07-29. 
  42. ^ "AU nations to boost Somalia force". Al Jazeera. July 23, 2010. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/07/2010723133917713629.html. 
  43. ^ "Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia". Reuters. March 12, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312. 
  44. ^ a b c d UPDF shuffles Somalia command
  45. ^ http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1071/3000_African_Union_Troops_Arrive_in_Mogadishu_
  46. ^ http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1071/3000_African_Union_Troops_Arrive_in_Mogadishu_
  47. ^ http://www.xogta.com/2011/06/15/new-amisom-commander-promoted-to-major-general/
  48. ^ http://www.amisom.somaligov.net/Spokesperson.html
  49. ^ http://shabelle.net/article.php?id=6135
  50. ^ http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2011/jun/new_amisom_commander_promoted_to_major_general.aspx
  51. ^ a b AMISOM civilian staff relocate to Somalia
  52. ^ a b c d e f g AMISOM - Mission de l'Union africaine en Somalie / African Union Mission in Somalia
  53. ^ "Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia". Reuters. March 12, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312. 
  54. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gI7PbNWSPxM1beR0DC2STdhh6oAQ?docId=CNG.f91d22b0491d085f194b4db37b40ce3e.221
  55. ^ "Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia". Reuters. March 12, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312. 
  56. ^ "Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia". Reuters. March 12, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312. 
  57. ^ "Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia". Reuters. March 12, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312. 
  58. ^ "Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia". Reuters. March 12, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312. 
  59. ^ "Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia". Reuters. March 12, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312. 
  60. ^ Garowe Online
  61. ^ Reuters (2007-04-02). "Rebel Mortar Attack in Somalia’s Capital Kills Peacekeeper". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/02/world/africa/02somalia.html?ex=1179460800&en=bb16ba7e50b29f98&ei=5070. Retrieved 2007-04-02. 
  62. ^ Ali Musa Abdi (2007-05-16). "Mogadishu blast kills four Ugandan peacekeepers". Agence France-Presse via the Middle East Times. http://www.metimes.com/storyview.php?StoryID=20070516-034320-6720r. Retrieved 2007-05-16. 
  63. ^ http://www.panapress.com/freenews.asp?code=eng014670&dte=08/03/2007
  64. ^ Uganda: Local Soldiers Wounded in Somalia
  65. ^ Issue 301
  66. ^ Press TV – Troop killed in Somali explosion
  67. ^ Garowe Online – Home
  68. ^ Latest News – SomaliNet
  69. ^ [4]
  70. ^ "Somali bombing kills peacekeeper". BBC News. August 1, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7537125.stm. Retrieved April 23, 2010. 
  71. ^ Search - Global Edition - The New York Times
  72. ^ Ugandan peacekeeper killed in fresh Mogadishu attack
  73. ^ News - AlertNet
  74. ^ | news | world | Somalia | 17419 - SomaliNet
  75. ^ Ugandan peacekeeper, WFP worker killed in Somalia
  76. ^ "Somalia fighting kills at least 39 civilians - CNN.com". CNN. February 2, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/02/02/somalia.fighting/. Retrieved April 23, 2010. 
  77. ^ AU Condemns Attacks on Peacekeepers in Somalia | News | English
  78. ^ Somalia: Injured Burundi soldier died in suicide attack | Somali Press
  79. ^ AU says peacekeeper killed in Somalia
  80. ^ allAfrica.com: Somalia: Ugandan Peacekeeper Killed in Blast
  81. ^ allAfrica.com: Somalia: Three UPDF Soldiers Killed
  82. ^ [5]
  83. ^ allAfrica.com: Uganda: UPDF in Somalia Hit By Strange Disease
  84. ^ News - AlertNet
  85. ^ "Suicide blasts hit Somalia base". BBC News. September 17, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8260687.stm. Retrieved April 23, 2010. 
  86. ^ Gulf of Aden Security Review - November 16, 2009 | Critical Threats
  87. ^ Gulf of Aden Security Review - April 29, 2010 | Critical Threats
  88. ^ News - AlertNet
  89. ^ News - AlertNet
  90. ^ No Operation
  91. ^ "Ugandan peacekeepers killed in Somalia clashes". BBC News. July 23, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10740278. 
  92. ^ allAfrica.com: Uganda: Army Says 100 Soldiers Killed in Fighting
  93. ^ Somali presidential palace shelled - Africa - Al Jazeera English
  94. ^ Suicide blasts hit Mogadishu, 2 peacekeepers killed - AlertNet
  95. ^ "African Union peacekeepers cite struggles in expanding reach across Somalia's troubled capital". Fox News. September 17, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/17/african-union-peacekeepers-cite-struggles-expanding-reach-somalias-troubled/. 
  96. ^ allAfrica.com: Uganda: UPDF Soldier Killed in Somalia
  97. ^ African Union Forces Admit One Of Its Soldiers Killed In Somalia | AHN
  98. ^ AFP: Somali fighters display soldier's body in Mogadishu
  99. ^ Gulf of Aden Security Review - November 2, 2010 | Critical Threats
  100. ^ Gulf of Aden Security Review - November 1, 2010 | Critical Threats
  101. ^ AFP: Somalie: 21 civils tués dans des violences à Mogadiscio
  102. ^ » Sunatimes.com | Suna Times - Somali News, Sprots, Videos iyo Music
  103. ^ Burundian army deplores killing of peacekeeper in Somalia - Shabelle
  104. ^ "Somalia's al-Shabab 'holds 18 Burundian bodies'". BBC News. March 4, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12650263. 
  105. ^ http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90038500?AU%20forces%20thwart%20an%20al%20Shabaab%20suicide%20attack%20against%20its%20new%20Mogadishu%20base
  106. ^ "Somalia: Government captures Al-Shabab militia bases". BBC.co.uk. 2011-03-05. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12657466. Retrieved 2011-03-05. 
  107. ^ http://www.presstv.ir/detail/170532.html
  108. ^ http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/90055965?Suicide%20attack%20on%20African%20Union%20peacekeeping%20forces%20in%20Mogadishu
  109. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g6pcxD-Tk81VkbAYpfRsqkw_dLrg?docId=CNG.1046baaee64b2f1d60afa5a979a5d3a0.181
  110. ^ http://shabelle.net/article.php?id=9440
  111. ^ http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/90055965?Suicide%20attack%20on%20African%20Union%20peacekeeping%20forces%20in%20Mogadishu#ixzz1ToHgFQnC
  112. ^ http://amisom-au.org/tfg-amisom-secure-remaining-al-shabaab-strongholds-in-mogadishu/
  113. ^ http://amisom-au.org/control-of-deynile-critical-to-security-of-mogadishu/?lang=fr
  114. ^ http://www.afriquejet.com/burundi-somalie-2011102325695.html
  115. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jN_unp-RHIgqDF20XtIFugxsOHHQ?docId=ae39a66af8434440b1dd57e553e91c46
  116. ^ http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20111030.OBS3514/somalie-un-americain-auteur-d-un-attentat-suicide.html
  117. ^ http://www.shabelle.net/article.php?id=13816

External links