Afzal Khan (general)

Afzal Khan (Hindi: अफ़्ज़ल ख़ान, Urdu: افضل خان) (died 10 November 1659) was an Afghan commander who served the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, and fought against the Marathas. After he tried to murder the Maratha chief Shivaji during a meeting, he was killed by the Marathas, and his army was defeated in the Battle of Pratapgad.[1][2]

He is also referred to as "Afzul Khan" or "Afzal Khan Adilshahi" in the historical records.

Contents

Early life

Afzal Khan was a leading court figure during the reign of Ali Adil Shah II of the Bijapur Sultanate. His steadfast skills and commanding ability led to his popularity and emergence in the ranks of hierarchy. According to legend he was awarded a famous sword known as the Adili, the sword was studded with diamonds. Afzal Khan was also given a popular elephant Howdah named Dhal-Gaj. He was also given the title Mansabdar of 10,000.

War against the Marathas

When the Maratha rebels led by Shivaji challenged the Adilshahi supremacy, Afzal Khan volunteered to the task of defeating the Marathas. According to a Bijapuri legend, he sought a Sufi Pir's blessings before setting out on every military campaign. On such a visit before the campaign against Shivaji, the elderly Pir prophesied that it would be Afzal Khan's last campaign.

In 1659, Afzal Khan led an army of about 10,000 Elite troops and pursued Shivaji so persistently and inflicted numerous casualties, that the rebel Shivaji and his forces had to hide[3]. In a bid to force Shivaji to come out in open, he detoured to desecrate Hindu sacred places, including Pandharpur, the most important pilgrimate site in the Marathi-speaking region at the time. Such behavior was unprecedented for a Bijapuri forces, and alienated the local deshmukhs (revenue collectors).[4] He also captured Tuljapur, where his Adilshahi forces razed the statue of the Hindu Goddess Bhavani.

Afzal Khan's original plan was to invade Pune, Shivaji's original residence.[1] Shivaji knew that he would not be able to defeat Afzal Khan in the plains, and moved to Pratapgad Fort, which was surrounded by the dense forest valley area of Jawali. Shivaji's army excelled in this type of terrain, which made the Adilshahi army's cannons, muskets, elephants, horses and camels ineffective. At the same time, Shivaji had limited stores inside the fort and Afzal Khan's raids had caused terror among his followers.[1] Afzal Khan also attempted to garner support from local militarily independent landlords of Pratapgad, who nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Adil Shahi.

Afzal Khan felt that the ensuing battle would cause massive casualties to both sides and eventually lead to a deadly stalemate. He, therefore, sent out emissaries to Shivaji, to lure him down the fort and negotiate peace. Shivaji's council also urged him to make peace with Afzal Khan to avoid unnecessary losses. The two leaders, therefore, agreed to meet for negotiations.[4]

In 1639, Afzal Khan had murdered Raja Kasturi Ranga after inviting him for a meeting where he could safely make a submission.[1] Therefore, Shivaji was wary of Afzal Khan's real intentions. When Afzal Khan sent his envoy Krishnaji Bhaskar to Shivaji, Shivaji solemnly appealed to him as a Hindu priest to tell him if Afzal Khan was making any treacherous plans. According to the Maratha chronicles, Krishnaji hinted that Afzal Khan harbored mischief. Shivaji then sent his own envoy Pantaji Gopinath to Afzal, agreeing to a meeting; Pantaji's real mission was to find out the strength of Afzal's forces. Pantaji bribed some officials of Afzal Khan to learn that he was planning an attack on Shivaji.[1]

Afzal Khan had originally asked Shivaji to meet him at Wai. Warned by Pantaji, Shivaji insisted that the meeting should take place closer to Pratapgad. Afzal Khan agreed, on the condition that the meeting would be arranged with two personal bodyguards on each side. His forces marched to Par, a village lying one mile south of Pratapgad. A crest below Pratapgad was chosen as the meeting place.

Shivaji set up tents with a richly-decorated canopy at the place, but also placed his soldiers in ambush at various intervals on the path leading to the meeting place.[1] The powerful nobleman Kanhoji Jedhe, as directed by Shivaji's father Shahaji, helped Shivaji formulate a plot to murder Afzal Khan.

Death

It was agreed that the leaders would be unarmed, and each man would bring an envoy and two armed bodyguards: one would be a swordsman and another an archer. Afzal Khan's companions included Sayyid Banda, who was regarded the best swordsman in the whole of Deccan at that time.

Shivaji forewarned, wore armour under his clothes and a steel helmet under his turban. He carried a weapon called bagh nakh ("tiger claws"), consisting of an iron finger-grip with four razor claws, which he concealed within his clenched fist. He also carried a stiletto-like thin dagger called the bichu or bichwa (scorpion). He was accompanied by his bodyguards Shambuji Kavji and Jiva Mahala.

At the start of the meeting Afzal Khan graciously embraced Shivaji as per custom.[2] But then he suddenly tightened his clasp, gripped Shivaji's neck in his left arm and struck him with a kitar. Shivaji, saved by his armor, recovered and counter-attacked Afzal Khan with wagh nakh, disemboweling him. He then stabbed Khan with his bichwa, and ran out of the tent towards his men.[1]

Afzal Khan cried out and Sayyid Banda rushed to the scene and attacked Shivaji with his patta, cutting his turban. Shivaji's bodyguard Jiva Mahala intervened, chopping off Sayeed Banda' s right arm in a quick combat before killing him.[1]

Meanwhile, Afzal Khan's bearers placed their wounded leader in his palki (litter vehicle), but they were attacked by Sambhaji Kavji. Sambhaji eventually killed Afzal Khan by decapitating him.[1]

Shivaji then reached the Pratapgad Fort, and signaled his waiting forces hiding in surrounding forest, to launch a surprise attack. Afzal Khan's army was completely routed in subsequent Battle of Pratapgad, though his son managed to escape. Later, severed head of Afzal Khan was sent to Raigad as exhibit to Jijabai, Shivaji's mother. Later on, Shivaji also exhibit the fingers of the Mughal Nawab, Shaista Khan to Jijabai.

The story of the encounter between Afzal Khan and Shivaji is the subject of several films, plays, school textbooks and village ballads in Maharashtra.[4]

Personality

Afzal Khan was a powerful man of Afghan descent and was an experienced warrior. He was a tall of a man rumored to be about 7 feet and built proportionally to his height. He towered over everyone including the relatively short Shivaji, whose head reached only the chest of Afzal Khan.

Afzal Khan was known for his physical strength. During his campaign against Shivaji, one of his cannons fell into a narrow ditch near Wai. Eight of his soldiers could not get it out (lack of manoeuvrable space was one of the causes). It is said that Afzal Khan got the cannon out single-handed. Another instance of Afzal Khan's strength is when he held Shivaji's head in his grip while trying to stab him. Shivaji almost lost consciousness because of the power of the grip. Later, it was discovered that the steel helmet worn by Shivaji was bent.

Aftermath

Shivaji had Afzal Khan buried with full military honors, as befitting his stature and reputation at the foot of the Pratapgad fort. Afzal Khan's mausoleum still exists today, where an annual urs is held.

Afzal Khan was succeeded by the inexperienced Rustam Zaman and Siddi Masud. The Bijapuri forces had been completely weakened, and eventually sought the assistance of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The Adilshahi dynasty of Bijapur did not last long after the murder of Afzal Khan and was eventually annexed during the Siege of Bijapur in 1686.

His servicemen included: Fazal Khan, Musa Khan, Manoji Jagdale, Sardar Pandhare, Ambar Khan.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jadunath Sarkar (1992). Shivaji and his times. Orient Blackswan. pp. 47–52. ISBN 9788125013471. 
  2. ^ a b J. Nazareth (2008). Creative Thinking in Warfare (illustrated ed.). Lancer. pp. 174–176. ISBN 9788170620358. 
  3. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=vvNtAAAAMAAJ&q=Afzal+Khan&dq=aurangzeb&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5
  4. ^ a b c Stewart Gordon (1993). The Marathas 1600-1818, Part 2, Volume 4. New Cambridge history of India (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780521268837.