2002 Winter Olympics
The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated in February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Approximately 2,400 athletes from 77 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines, held throughout 165 sporting sessions. The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC).[1] Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games, and the 2002 Winter Olympics are the most recent games to be held in the United States.
The opening ceremony was held on February 8, 2002 and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24, 2002.[1] Music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters[2]. Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics but was surpassed by Turin in the 2006 Winter Olympics four years later, which itself was surpassed by Vancouver in the 2010 Winter Olympics.[3] Following a trend, the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games, with a considerable 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan;[4] more events yet were staged by Turin and then Vancouver and Sochi Olympics.
The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid, as well as some sporting and refereeing controversies during the competitions. Nevertheless, from sporting and business standpoints, they were among the most successful Winter Olympiads in history; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs. Over 2 billion viewers watched more than 13 billion viewer hours.[5] The games were also financially successful raising more money with fewer sponsors than any prior Olympic Games, which left SLOC with a surplus of $40 million at the conclusion of the games. The surplus was used to create the Utah Athletic Foundation, which maintains and operates many of the remaining Olympic venues.[5]
Host city selection
Salt Lake City was chosen over Quebec City, Canada, Sion, Switzerland, and, Östersund, Sweden on June 16, 1995, at the 104th IOC Session in Budapest, Hungary.[6]
Venues
Competitive Venues
| Venue |
Event(s) |
Gross Capacity |
Ref. |
| Deer Valley |
Alpine skiing (slalom), Freestyle skiing |
13,400 |
[8] |
| E Center |
Ice hockey |
10,500 |
[9] |
| Park City Mountain Resort |
Alpine skiing (giant slalom), Snowboarding |
16,000 |
[10] |
| Peaks Ice Arena |
Ice hockey |
8,400 |
[11] |
| Salt Lake Ice Center1 |
Figure skating, Short track speed skating |
17,500 |
[12] |
| Snowbasin |
Alpine skiing (combined, downhill, super-G) |
22,500 |
[13] |
| Soldier Hollow |
Biathlon, Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing portion) |
15,200 |
[14] |
| The Ice Sheet at Ogden |
Curling |
2,000 |
[15] |
| Utah Olympic Oval |
Speed skating |
5,236 |
[16] |
Utah Olympic Park
(bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track) |
Bobsleigh, Luge, Skeleton, Nordic combined (ski jumping portion), ski jumping |
18,100 (ski jumping)
15,000 (sliding track) |
[17] |
1Because of the no-commercialization policy of the Olympics, the Delta Center, now the EnergySolutions Arena, was labeled as the "Salt Lake Ice Center," causing some confusion for visitors.
Non-competitive Venues
| Venue |
Event(s)/Purpose |
Gross Capacity |
Ref. |
| Main Media Center |
International Broadcast Center & Main Press Center |
|
|
| 2002 Olympic Medals Plaza |
Olympic medal presentations & Olympic Celebration Series concerts |
20,000 |
[18] |
| 2002 Olympic Village |
Olympic Village & Olympic Family Hotel |
|
|
| Park City Main Street |
Main Street Celebration area, Park City Technical Center, NBC broadcast center, Sponsor Showcases |
|
[19] |
| Rice-Eccles Olympic Stadium |
Opening & Closing Ceremonies |
≈50,000 |
[20] |
| Salt Lake Olympic Square |
Olympic Medals Plaza, Salt Lake Ice Center, Olympic Superstore, Sponsor Showcases |
|
[21] |
Participating nations
78 National Olympic Committees sent athletes to the Salt Lake City games.
Cameroon, Hong Kong (China), Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand participated in their 1st Winter Olympic games.
Sports
Medal table
Records
Several medals records were set and/or tied. They included (bold-face indicates broken during the Vancouver Olympics):
- Norway tied the Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics for most gold medals at a Winter Olympics, with 13.[22]
- Germany set a record for most total medals at a Winter Olympics, with 36.[23]
- The following records the United States set and/or tied:
Highlights
- The opening ceremonies included Grammy Award-winning artist LeAnn Rimes singing "Light the Fire Within," the official song of the 2002 Olympics.
- The Grammy Award-winning Mormon Tabernacle Choir performed the "Star-Spangled Banner", National Anthem of the United States, for the opening ceremonies.
- John Williams composed a five-minute work for orchestra and chorus, Call of the Champions, that served as the official theme of the 2002 Winter Olympics, his first for a Winter Olympiad. It was performed by the Utah Symphony Orchestra and featured the Mormon Tabernacle Choir and the Madeleine Choir School singing the official motto of the Olympic Games "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Faster, Higher, Stronger). The premiere of the work at the opening ceremonies also corresponded with John Williams's 70th birthday. The work is featured on the CD American Journey, and also on the Choir's recording Spirit of America.
- There were also signs of the aftermath of September 11, 2001, being the first Olympics since then. They included the flag that flew at Ground Zero, NYPD officer Daniel Rodriguez singing "God Bless America", and honor guards of NYPD and FDNY members.
- Along with the flag that flew at the World Trade Center site, the Challenger flag was also carried into the stadium.
- The opening segment of the opening ceremony celebrated all previous hosts of the Olympic Winter Games.
- The Olympic Flame was lit by the members of the Gold Medal-winning US Hockey Team of the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, NY, which was the previous time the Winter Olympics were in the US. (See picture at right)
- These Olympics marked the first time a United States president opened an Olympic Winter Games held in the United States, although previous Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Richard Nixon had opened the 1932 Winter Olympics and the 1960 Winter Olympics in their roles as Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States, respectively.
- These were the first Games to be held under IOC president Jacques Rogge.
- Competition highlights included biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen of Norway, winning gold in all four men's events (10 k, 12.5 k, 20 k, 4 x 7.5 relay), Nordic combined athlete Samppa Lajunen of Finland winning three gold medals, Simon Ammann of Switzerland taking the double in ski jumping. In alpine skiing, Janica Kostelić won three golds and a silver (the first Winter Olympic medals ever for an athlete from Croatia and the first three-gold performance by a female), while Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway earned his second and third career golds, setting up both athletes to beat the sport's record with their fourth golds earned at the next Winter Olympics near Turin (Aamodt also set the overall medal record in the sport with 8).
- Skeleton returned as a medal sport in the 2002 Games for the first time since 1948.
- Ireland reached its best ever position and came close to winning its first winter medal when Clifton Wrottesley (Clifton Hugh Lancelot de Verdon Wrottesley, 6th Baron Wrottesley) finished fourth in the men's skeleton event.
- The Women's Bobsled Event had its debut at the 2002 Games after several years of World Cup competition.
- A feature of these Games was the emergence of the extreme sports, such as snowboarding, moguls and aerials, which appeared in previous Olympic Winter Games but have captured greater public attention in recent years.
- American Sarah Hughes won the gold medal in figure skating. American and heavy favorite Michelle Kwan fell during her long program and received the bronze medal.
- China won its first and second Winter Olympic gold medals, both by women's short-track speed skater Yang Yang (A).
- One of the most memorable stories of the event occurred at the men's short track. Australian skater Steven Bradbury, a competitor who had won a bronze in 1994 as part of a relay team but well off the pace of the medal favourites, cruised off the pace in his semifinal only to see three of his competitors crash into each other, allowing him to finish second and go through to the final. Bradbury was again well off the pace, but lightning struck again and all four other competitors crashed out in the final turn, leaving a jubilant Bradbury to take the most unlikely of gold medals, the first for Australia—or any other country of the Southern Hemisphere—in the Olympic Winter Games.
- Australia winning their second gold medal, courtesy of Alisa Camplin in Women's Aerials, the first ever Winter Games gold won by a woman from the Southern Hemisphere.
- The Canadian men's ice hockey team defeated the American team 5–2 to claim the gold medal, ending 50 years without the hockey gold. The Canadian women's team also defeated the American team 3–2 after losing to them at the 1998 Winter Olympic Games in Nagano.
- The closing ceremonies marked the final live performance of KISS with its lineup of Stanley/Simmons/Frehley/Singer. They performed "Rock and Roll All Nite". Other artists performing at the 2002 ceremonies were Creed, Sting, Yo Yo Ma, R. Kelly, Christina Aguilera, Dianne Reeves, Harry Connick Jr., Dorothy Hamill, Dave Matthews Band, 'N Sync, Earth, Wind & Fire, The Dixie Chicks, Josh Groban, Charlotte Church, Mormon Tabernacle Choir and, during the presentation of Turin, Irene Grandi and Elisa.
- There was a Canadian dollar underneath the ice in support of the Canadian men's team, supposedly placed there at the request of Wayne Gretzky, who knew the man responsible for ice upkeep.
- Team Belarus's Vladimir Kopat scored a game winning goal from center ice against Team Sweden in the quarter finals, getting Belarus to their best place in international hockey so far.
- The games were formally closed by International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge departing from former IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch's tradition of declaring each games "best ever". Rogge's began a tradition of assigning each games their own identity in his comments calling the 2002 Salt Lake Games "flawless"[24]
Concerns and controversies
In 1998, several IOC members were forced to resign after it was uncovered that they had accepted bribes from Salt Lake Bid Committee co-heads Tom Welch and Dave Johnson in return for voting for Salt Lake City to hold the Games. IOC President Dr. Jacques Rogge and Mitt Romney, who was named CEO of the Salt Lake Games organizing committee in response to the scandal and a financial shortfall for the games, were forced to contend with public outcry.
LGBT activist groups vocally opposed Utah's 2002 Winter Olympic bid because of the Utah State Legislature's imposition of a ban on same-sex marriage in 1995.[25] Led by the Gay and Lesbian Utah Democrats, the "Olympics Out of Utah Committee" modeled its campaign after the "Olympics Out of Cobb County" campaign,[26] which successfully diverted the 1996 Summer Olympics torch relay away from Cobb County, Georgia, which had also passed antigay legislation.[27] The Olympics Out of Utah Committee staged protests on Interstate 15, which included the use of slow-driving cars to disrupt traffic.[28]
In the first week of the Games, a controversy in the pairs' figure skating competition culminated in the French judge's scores being thrown out and the Canadian team of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier being awarded a second gold medal. In short track speed skating, Ohno initially finished second in the race to Kim Dong-Sung of South Korea, but was awarded gold after Kim was disqualified for cross-skating across him on the final lap. This decision by the referee, Australian James Hewish, angered many Koreans, who sent threatening emails to the Olympic website. Athletes in cross-country skiing were disqualified for various reasons, including doping by two Russians and one Spaniard, leading Russia to file protests and threaten to withdraw from competition. The 2002 games were the first Winter Olympics held after formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency; as a result there were a large number of athletes disqualified following the new testing.[29] Unproven allegations of bribery were leveled against many ice-skating judges, leading to the arrest (at the request of the United States) and release of known criminal Alimzhan Tokhtakhounov by Italian officials.
Opening ceremony
While there was a lot of international sympathy for the US in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, there were complaints that the Games were being conducted in an overtly patriotic manner. President Bush received some criticism for departing from the Olympic charter by extending the declaration to open the Games, saying “On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation” before the traditional formula, “I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City”.[30] In addition, the President opened the games standing among the US athletes, while previous heads of state opened the games from an official box. NBC's Bob Costas applauded the move during the network's coverage of the Opening Ceremony.
- The official box was occupied by the President's Olympic delegation
- Dorothy Koch, The President's Sister
- Five Sports Legends
- The Cabinet
2002 Olympic Symbols
Olympic Emblem
The 2002 Olympic emblem is a snowflake, which consisted of three separate sections. The yellow top section symbolizes the Olympic Flame, and represents the athletes' courage. The orange center section symbolizes the ancient weaving styles of Utah's Native Americans, and represents the region's culture. The blue/purple bottom section symbolizes a snow-capped mountain, and represents the contrast of Utah's mountain and desert areas. The orange/yellow colors above the blue/purple bottom section also gave the appearance of a sun rising from behind a mountain.
Theme colors
An official palette of colors, which ranged from cool blues to warm reds and oranges, was created for the Salt Lake 2002 games. The palette became part of the official design theme named Land of Contrast – Fire and Ice, with the blues representing the cooler, snowy, mountainous regions of Northern Utah, and the oranges and red representing the warmer, rugged, red-rock areas of Southern Utah.[31]
Pictograms
As with all Olympic games, pictograms, which easily identified the venues, sports, and services for spectators without using a written language, were specifically designed for the Salt Lake 2002 games. The pictograms for these games mimicked the designs of branding-irons found in the western United States, and used the Fire and Ice theme colors of the Salt Lake 2002 Games. The line thickness and 30-degree angles found in the pictograms mirror those found in the snowflake emblem.[31]
The mascots
The mascots represent three of Utah's indigenous animals, and are named after natural resources which have long been important to Utah's economy, survival, and culture. All three animals are major characters in the legends of local Native Americans, and each mascot wears a charm around its neck with an original Anasazi or Fremont-style petroglyph.
- Powder – A Snowshoe Hare, represents the Native American legend when the sun was too close to the earth and was burning it. The hare ran to the top of a mountain, and shot her arrow into the sun. This caused it to drop lower in the sky, cooling the earth.
- Copper – A Coyote, represents the Native American legend when the earth froze and turned dark, the coyote climbed to the highest mountaintop and stole a flame from the fire people. He returned and brought warmth and light to the people.
- Coal – An American black bear, represents the Native American legend of hunters who were never able to kill the mighty bear. Today the sons of these hunters still chase the bear across the night sky, as constellations.
The Olympic Torch and relay
The 2002 Olympic Torch is modeled after an icicle, with a slight curve to represent speed and fluidity. The Torch measures 33 inches (84 cm) long, 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide at the top, 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) at the bottom, and was designed by Axiom Design of Salt Lake City.[32][33] It was created with three sections, each with its own meaning and representation.[32]
The torch relay was a 65 day run, from December 4, 2001 to February 8, 2002, which carried the Olympic flame through 46 of the 50 states in the United States.[34] The torch covered 13,500 miles (21,700 km), passed through 300 communities, and was carried by 12,012 Torchbearers.[34]
The Olympic Cauldron
The Cauldron was designed with the official motto Light the Fire Within and the Fire and Ice theme in mind. It was designed to look like an icicle, and was made of glass which allowed the fire to be seen burning within. The actual glass cauldron stands atop a twisting glass and steel support, is 12 feet (3.7 m) high, and the flame within burns at 900 °F (482.2 °C).[35] Together with its support the cauldron stands 117 feet (36 m) tall and was made of 738 individual pieces of glass. Small jets send water down the glass sides of the cauldron, both to keep the glass and metal cooled (so they would not crack or melt), and to give the effect of melting ice.[36] The cauldron was designed by WET Design of Los Angeles, its frame built by Arrow Dynamics of Clearfield, Utah, and its glass pieces created by Western Glass of Ogden, Utah. The cauldron's cost was 2 million dollars, and it was unveiled to the public during its original install at Rice-Eccles Stadium (2002 Olympic Stadium) on January 8, 2002.[37] Following the completion of the 2002 Winter Olympics the cauldron was installed at the permanent Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park, next the 2002 Olympic Stadium in Salt Lake City.
A second Olympic cauldron burned at the Awards Plaza in downtown Salt Lake City during the games. It was known as the Hero's Cauldron and was in the backdrop of every awards ceremony. This was the first time two cauldrons were used during the same Olympic Games.[38]
Security measures
These Olympic games were the first since September 11, 2001, which meant a higher level of security than ever before provided for the Games. The Office of Homeland Security (OHS) designated the Olympics a National Special Security Event (NSSE).
Aerial surveillance and radar control was provided by the Marines of Marine Air Control Squadron 2 det C, from Cherry Point NC.
When he spoke during the opening ceremonies, Jacques Rogge, presiding over his first olympics as IOC president, told the athletes of the United States, the host country:
Your nation is overcoming a horrific tragedy, a tragedy that has affected the whole world. We stand united with you in the promotion of our common ideals, and hope for world peace.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 35. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "Air Edel | Composers | MARK WATTERS". http://www.air-edel.co.uk/representation/composers/18/mark-watters/. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ Salt Lake population figures by the United States Census
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 36. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ a b International Olympic Committee (2002). Marketing Matters. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_456.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ IOC Vote History
- ^ GamesBids.com Past Olympic Games Bids
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 77. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 89. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 79. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 91. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 89. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 93. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 81. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 99. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 97. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 85. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 103. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2001). Official Spectator Guide. p. 95.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 101. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 105. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ a b Canadian Press (February 27, 2010). "Canada sets Olympic gold record". CBC Sports. http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2010/02/27/sp-canada-gold-otp.html?ref=rss. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. clinches medals mark, Canada ties gold record". Associated Press. Vancouver. February 27, 2010. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/feb/27/us-clinches-medals-total-canada-most-golds/.
- ^ Abrahamson, Alan (March 1, 2010). "'Excellent and friendly Games' come to a close". NBC. http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-features/news/newsid=453954.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ "Around the nation". The Advocate (679). April 18, 1995. ISSN 0001-8996.
- ^ O'Donnell, David (1995-03-03). "UTAH NEWS". Queer Resources Directory. http://www.qrd.org/qrd/usa/utah/info.and.contacts.for.olympic.committees-03.03.95. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ Smothers, Ronald (1996-04-20). "Olympic Torch Relay Will Skip Atlanta Suburb That Condemned Gay Life". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/20/us/olympic-torch-relay-will-skip-atlanta-suburb-that-condemned-gay-life.html. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ Roche, Lisa (1995-03-18). "BIG NAMES, BIG GAMES DAZZLE UTAHNS". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/410305/BIG-NAMES-BIG-GAMES-DAZZLE-UTAHNS.html. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ Bob Weiner & Caitlin Harrison (December 29, 2010). "Expect illegal drugs at 2012 Olympics". The Salt Lake Tribune. http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/50948868-82/drug-games-olympics-athletes.html.csp. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
- ^ MacKay, Duncan (February 15, 2002). "Chariots of ire: is US jingoism tarnishing the Olympic ideal?". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/feb/15/usa.olympicgames/print. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- ^ a b Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 206. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ a b Salt Lake Organizing Committee. "Olympic Torch Relay". Archived from the original on October 24, 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20011024135215/http://www.saltlake2002.com/sloc/beyond_sport/torch_relay/tr_index.html. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "Olympic Torch Design". KSL-TV. February 21, 2001. http://2002.ksl.com/news-3320i.php?p=1. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- ^ a b Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 246. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
- ^ Lisa Riley Roche (January 31, 2004). "Cauldron creation detailed in book". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/590040014/Cauldron-creation-detailed-in-book.html. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games. p. 207. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2002/2002v1.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ John Daley (January 8, 2002). "Caldron Unveiled". KSL-TV. http://2002.ksl.com/news-3656i.php?p=1. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ "Two Cauldrons Burning". KSL-TV. February 9, 2002. http://2002.ksl.com/news-4796i.php. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
References
External links
Venues of the 2002 Winter Olympics
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