1991 Pacific hurricane season

1991 Pacific hurricane season
First storm formed May 16, 1991
Last storm dissipated November 12, 1991
Strongest storm Kevin – 935 mbar (hPa) (27.62 inHg), 145 mph (230 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Total depressions 16
Total storms 14
Hurricanes 10
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 5
Total fatalities 1-3
Total damage Unknown
Pacific hurricane seasons
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

The 1991 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone meteorology. The worst storm this year was Tropical Depression Five-E, which killed one person in Mexico. Elsewhere, Tropical Storm Ignacio injured forty people in Mexico, and Hurricane Fefa caused flooding in Hawaii. Hurricane Kevin was the strongest system of the season and became resulted the then longest-lasting hurricane in the eastern north Pacific basin. Hurricane Nora was the strongest November storm at that time.

The season officially started on May 15, 1991 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1991 in the central Pacific. It lasted until November 30, 1991 in both basins. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Contents

Season summary

Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

The 1991 season in the eastern North Pacific Ocean had a total of sixteen tropical cyclones developed, featuring ten hurricanes, four tropical storms and two tropical depressions. These totals are close to the climatological averages established since 1966, when satellite surveillance began.[1]

Nevertheless, 1991 had some important peculiarities. First of all, this season had the second earliest start, after the 1990 season.[2] The season also ended late with the first November hurricane since good satellite coverage began in 1966. On the other hand, the months of July and August, often the most active ones in this basin, only produced two tropical cyclones each.[1] This low level of activity was attributed to unusual circulation patterns aloft over the tropical Pacific. A shorter gap from late August to early September was attributed to anomalous flow patterns near the Baja California Peninsula.[3]

None of the tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall. One of the two tropical depressions of the season, Five-E, came ashore near Salina Cruz, Mexico, on the last day of June. The depression caused the only fatality of the season, injured five hundred, with two people missing. Delores, Ignacio and Marty threatened the coast of Mexico. Of these, Ignacio was also responsible for 40 injuries as the system passed just offshore of Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico.[3]

Several tropical cyclones grew into specially long-lived and intense overwater systems. In fact, Hurricane Kevin endured as a hurricane for 12½ days to the east of 140°W, establishing a new record for longevity in the eastern Pacific.[1] Most of the cyclones this season originated from African tropical waves.[3]

The season began with the formation of Tropical Depression One-E on May 16 and ended with the dissipation of Tropical Depression Nora on November 12. The seson lasted a total of 149 days. One named storm formed in May, three in June, two in July, two in August, three in September, two in October, and one in November.[1]


Storms

Tropical Storm Andres

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration May 16 – May 20
Intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min),  994 mbar (hPa)

The first tropical depression of 1991 in the eastern Pacific formed about 1,149.5 miles (1,850 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California on May 16. A tropical disturbance organized into Tropical Depression One-E on May 16. The depression moved into a slow cyclonic loop and became Tropical Storm Andres May 17. Andres then developed rapidly, with a minimum pressure of 994 mbar (29.4 inHg) and corresponding maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). This intensity was maintained for a day and subsequently weakened as upper level shear increased. Andres was downgraded to a tropical depression on May 19 and finally dissipated on May 20.[2]

There were no reported damages or casualties caused by Andres.[4] The formation of Tropical Depression One-E on May 16 was the second earliest date for a tropical depression to form in this basin since weather satellite monitoring started in 1966. The earliest was the previous season, when the depression which later became Hurricane Alma formed on May 12.[2] As of 2011, Andres remains the third-earliest overall.[1]

Tropical Storm Blanca

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration June 14 – June 22
Intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min),  994 mbar (hPa)

A well organized tropical wave over northern Africa entered the Atlantic Ocean on May 31. The wave never showed signs of organization while crossing the Atlantic. It emerged into the eastern north Pacific on June 10. It was not until June 13 when the convection associated with the wave became better organized. On June 14, Tropical Depression Two-E formed at a location about 515.7 miles (830 km) from Acapulco, Mexico.[5][6]

For the next 48 hours, the depression moved toward the west and then northwest in response to a weakening ridge to the northwest. On June 17, the strong shear relaxed somewhat and the exposed center moved under the deep convection again. Thus, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm about 723.9 miles (1,165 km) south of the southern tip of Baja California. Tropical Storm Blanca experienced limited development, reaching its peak windspeed of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on June 20. Then, the center of Blanca became exposed again and weakened into a tropical depression on June 21. Finally, it dissipated on June 22 over colder waters about 1285.9 miles (2,380 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California.[5] There were no casualties or damages attributed to this tropical cyclone.[7]

Hurricane Carlos

Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration June 16 – June 27
Intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min),  955 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave left the African coast on June 4 showing some cyclonic curvature in the low clouds. It passed Barbados six days later, where a low-to-mid wind shift was detected. The wave was followed by a low level wind surge which was observed in Curaçao on June 12. Most of the shower activity associated with the wave moved westward over South America, and then over Panama on June 14. The convection became organized and developed into Tropical Depression Three-E on June 16 while it was located 348 miles (560 km) south of Salina Cruz. It became a tropical storm one day later. Carlos reached minimal hurricane strength on June 18. Two days later, Carlos was briefly downgraded to tropical storm status. A strong high pressure system forced Carlos to move over warmer waters and Carlos began to reintensify. Carlos regained hurricane status and developed a well-defined eye and excellent upper level outflow. On June 24, Carlos peaked at 955 mbar (28.2 inHg) central pressure and 115 mph (185 km/h) maximum sustained winds. The hurricane then weakened when it moved west over colder waters and encountered upper level shear. Carlos dissipated on June 27. The National Hurricane Center received no reports of impact due to this tropical cyclone.[8]

Hurricane Dolores

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration June 22 – June 28
Intensity 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min),  979 mbar (hPa)

Delores developed from a tropical wave which moved from Africa to the Atlantic on June 7. And it was not until June 22 when it gained organization and was identified as an area of disturbed weather south of Mexico.[9]

The system immediately showed signs of rotation and it was designated Tropical Depression Four-E the same day. It was centered about 516 miles (830 km) south-southeast of Manzanillo, Mexico. Then, the depression reached storm strength, and was named Delores on June 24 while 143 miles (230 km) from the coast of Mexico. It rapidly intensified to a hurricane on June 25 as it approached to the coast. However it repidly weakened and on June 27 it was downgraded to tropical storm status as it was moving over colder waters. Its deep convection gradually diminished and its west-northwestward motion abruptly halted as the system was being sheared. It weakened to a depression on June 28 near Socorro Island and it dissipated on June 29.[9]

In response to Delores' approach, the Mexican government issued a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch from Ixtapa to Manzanillo on June 24. The watch and the warning were dropped the next day. The cyclone remained far away enough that no reports of high winds were received. Satellite observations indicated that heavy rains fell in affected areas from June 23 to 26. However, no damages or casualties were reported.[10]

Tropical Depression Five-E

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration June 29 – June 29
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1008 mbar (hPa)

A tropical disturbance south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec became better organized on June 29 and became a tropical depression.[11] Strengthening was very limited as the depression was approaching to land.[12] It made landfall later that day very near of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca.[13] As it continued its west-northwest track, it dissipated inland after bringing torrential rains.[14]

Five-E caused the year's lone fatality and caused the most significant damage. Five-E destroyed up to 118 homes, injured 500, and also caused two people to go missing. Rainfall totals as high as 9.2 inches (230 mm) in 24 hours accompanied the depression over Mexico.[3]

Hurricane Enrique

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration July 15 – July 21 (In eastern Pacific)
Intensity 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min),  987 mbar (hPa)

Enrique formed from a westward-moving tropical wave that crossed the Atlantic from June 30 to July 8. A short-lived cyclonic circulation center within the wave was detected on satellite imagery when the system was over the eastern Atlantic. However, persistent deep convection did not occur until the wave neared the Gulf of Tehuantepec in the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 11. On July 12, the convection became more concentrated about 500 nautical miles (930 km) south of Acapulco, near a mid-level vortex within the wave; however, it had diminished the next day. On July 14 it became better organized. Based on reports from satellite imagery the low had developed into the seasons season's sixth tropical depression on July 15.[15] The depression intensified further and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Enrique the next day as it became better organized.[16]

Enrique steadily intensified and by early on July 16, the National Hurricane Center was anticipating for the system to reach hurricane intensity.[17] Continuing to strengthen, it reached hurricane status On July 17. However, this was for a short period of time as it developed an eye. Due to uncertainties of the storms intensity that day, it is possible that it could have been a hurricane earlier than originally estimated.[15] Wind shear associated with a trough and passage over cooler waters caused Enrique to begin weakening and the cyclone center soon became exposed. Enrique was downgraded to a depression on July 19 and the weakening cyclone crossed into the central Pacific on July 20.[15][18] Enrique dissipated shortly thereafter.[19] Enrique's remnants mange to maintain a very weak center as it passed well to the north of the Hawaiian Islands and then passed near Midway Island. As the storm approached the International Dateline, the system started to redevelop. Shortly after crossing the dateline, Enrique became a tropical storm again on August 1. It lasted for less than 24 hours before it lost its convection and thus the cyclone began to dissipate.[20] No damages or casualties were caused by Enrique.[18][20][19] It is one of only six tropical cyclones to exist in all three tropical cyclone basins in the Pacific Ocean.[20] The others are 1986's Georgette,[21] 1994's Li and John, 1999's Dora, and 2003's Jimena.[1]

Hurricane Fefa

Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration July 29 – August 8
Intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min),  959 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Fefa

A tropical wave became better organized and it developed into Tropical Depression Seven-E while 976 miles (1570 km) south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas on July 29. The depression intensified quickly and became Tropical Storm Fefa the same day. Fefa continued to strengthen over the warm Pacific water and reached hurricane status on July 31. Satellite imagery showed the appearance of an eye on August 1. Fefa peaked on August 2 with a central pressure of 959 mbar (28.3 inHg) and winds of 120 mph (195 km/h), making it a Category 3 hurricane in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.[22] Fefa crossed into the north central Pacific basin on August 5.[23] As it crossed, wind shear increased and Fefa began to weaken as it approached the Hawaiian Islands as a tropical storm on August 7. Fefa passed over the Big Island and rapidly weakened back to a tropical depression later that day. It finally dissipated on August 9 when northwest Kauai.[19]

The remnants of Fefa caused heavy rains and strong winds in the counties of Hawaii and Kauai. Flash flooding was reported in the Kohala and Hamakua districts. Lightning injured two persons on the Big Island.[19]

Hurricane Guillermo

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 4 – August 10
Intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min),  983 mbar (hPa)

A significant tropical wave with very little deep convection left Africa on July 22. It crossed the Atlantic, with convection associated with its southern part passing over the Windward Islands on July 28 and crossing Central America on July 31.[24]

Signs of organization were evident late on August 2 when the wave was south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Then, on August 4, Tropical Depression Eight-E was formed while centered 348 miles (560 km) south-southeast of Acapulco. Despite the presence of easterly shear, the depression gradually intensified as the center moved toward the west-northwest, paralleling the coast of Mexico. Then, it reached tropical storm strength the same day. At that time, it was centered south-southwest of Acapulco. It peaked on August 5 with a central pressure of 993 mbar (29.3 inHg) and maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) while 255 miles (410 km) of Manzanillo, Colima. After its peak, Guillermo weakened to tropical storm status as it began losing convection. It subsequently weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated after that on August 10.[24] There were no damages or casualties associated with this tropical cyclone.[25]

Tropical Storm Hilda

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration August 8 – August 14
Intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min),  992 mbar (hPa)

Satellite imagery showed a convective area with some cyclonic turning in connection with a tropical wave over Africa on July 22. The convection gradually diminished as the system moved west-southwest into the Atlantic. On July 31, the wave passed south of Trinidad, where a low-level wind shift was detected. For the next couple of days, this system passed over Venezuela and Colombia. Then it crossed into the Pacific basin. It was not until August 6, while it was south of Guatemala, when the convection became organized. Then, the wave strengthened into a tropical depression about 230 miles (370 km/h) south-southwest of Acapulco, on August 8. The system intensified further and became Tropical Storm Hilda August 9. The storm reached its peak intensity on August 11 with estimated 60 mph (100 km/h) maximum winds and a pressure of 993 hectopascals (29.3 inHg). The tropical storm moved on a general west-northwest track for the next couple of days and then turned toward the north on August 13 as it was under the influence of an upper level trough. Later on that day, tropical storm force winds were reported on Guadalupe Island as the center of Hilda was located about 150 nautical miles (280 km) from the island.[26]

Hilda gradually weakened over cool waters but maintained a rather large level of circulation. This caused its dissipation to be slower than normal. Tropical Depression Hilda dissipated on August 14. It large remnant circulation continued northwards and eventually passed over California.[26] There were no casualties or damages attributed to this tropical cyclone.[26] Hilda's remnants caused rain as far north as San Francisco.[27]

Tropical Depression Ten-E

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration September 12 – September 13
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1006 mbar (hPa)

A tropical disturbance southwest of Manzanillo, Colima became a tropical depression on September 12 when its convection became persistent around a newly formed center of circulation. Conditions were not favorable for development because of strong wind shear environment caused by a trough.[28] The depression took a northward track and dissipates on September 13 as it was being sheared just south of the Gulf of California.[29]

Tropical Depression Ten-E brought heavy showers to parts of Mexico.[30] There were no reported deaths or damages.[29]

Tropical Storm Ignacio

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration September 16 – September 19
Intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min),  994 mbar (hPa)

Sometime between September 10 and September 12, a tropical wave entered the eastern Pacific. An area of convection developed when it was 286 miles (460 km) west of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula. A trough axis extended southward from the low to the west of the convection. By September 15, the area of disturbed weather included some convective bands. The organization of the convection improved and the cloud system became Tropical Depression Eleven-E the next day. The trough that was near the depression moved the cyclone to the north-northwest and during that period it strengthened and became Tropical Storm Ignacio, all on the same day. With time, the influence of the trough over Tropical Storm Ignacio diminished. The track of the tropical storm transcribed a small clockwise loop, and Ignacio reached the northernmost point of the loop on September 17. The storm was centered about 28 miles (45 km) offshore and was near its peak intensity, 60 mph (100 km/h). Further intensification was precluded by the storm's proximity to land and by shear associated with the upper level low near the Baja California peninsula. As Ignacio turned toward the east, its forward motion slowed. When the storm began moving to the south, it lost its identity very rapidly. Ignacio weakened to depression status and dissipated six hours later. The remnants of Ignacio moved toward the west-southwest over the next two days.[31]

When Ignacio was closely approaching the coast of Mexico, a tropical storm warning was issued from Zihuatenajo to Cuyutan on September 16. When Ignacio was forecast to move up the coast, the warnings were extended to Cabo Corrientes on September 17. The warnings were dropped when the cyclone dissipated.[32] Ignacio caused street flooding in Acapulco.[33] Forty people were injured,[3] but no further casualties or damage were reported.[33] Rain fell over a large area of Mexico. The highest amount recorded was 15.43 inches (392 mm) at Pasa de San Antonio.[34]

Hurricane Jimena

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 20 – October 2
Intensity 135 mph (215 km/h) (1-min),  945 mbar (hPa)

Part of the same tropical wave that formed Tropical Storm Danny in the Atlantic crossed over the Isthmus of Panama and became a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone during mid to late September. On September 20 the cloud pattern had increased in organization and the system was designated a tropical depression.[35]

Continuing to strengthen, the depression became a tropical storm on September 21. The tropical storm then headed towards the northwest. Development was rapid, especially after September 22 as a banding type eye was forming. Further rapid development took place by the following day and the maximum sustained winds increased to near 130 mph (210 km/h) by the afternoon of September 23. Later, on September 24, Jimena reached its peak with maximum winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 945 hectopascals (27.9 inHg). Jimena maintained itself as a powerful hurricane for three days, moving west until September 26, when it turned toward the west-northwest. Jimena began to weaken on September 27. A northwestward movement commenced on September 29 in response to a large upper level trough which developed in its northwest. It continued to weaken and on September 30 it regained tropical storm intensity before becoming downgraded to a depression. On October 2, Jimena dissipated as a tropical cyclone.[35] Hurricane Jimena caused no reported damage or casualties.[36]

Hurricane Kevin

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 25 – October 12
Intensity 145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min),  935 mbar (hPa)

Kevin formed from a westward-moving tropical wave which emerged from the northwest coast of Africa on September 11. The wave crossed into the Pacific basin on September 21 with no signs of development. Cloudiness and convection became better organized on the first hours of September 24, becoming Tropical Depression Thirteen-E the next day as it was located about 404 miles (650 km) southeast of Acapulco. Then the depression moved toward the west. The banding pattern became more pronounced and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Kevin later that day, being centered about 316 miles (509 km) south-southeast of Acapulco. The convective banding increased for the next 24 hours and Kevin strengthened to hurricane status on September 26, while 230 miles (370 km) south-southwest of Acapulco. Kevin continued to strengthen and an eye intermittently appeared on September 27 and 28. By September 29, Kevin had a well-defined eye and this feature persisted for several days. The hurricane continued to strengthen and on October 1 reached its peak intensity while centered 404 miles (650 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California, with estimated 145 mph (233 km/h) maximum winds and a minimum pressure of 935 mbar (27.6 inHg). Kevin was moving toward the west at this time. It turned toward the west-southwest due to a strong high pressure system located northwest of the hurricane. Then, Kevin began to weaken gradually and its eye became poorly defined on October 4. It weakened on October 6 as the hurricane began turning toward the northwest and continued this general motion for the next few days.[37]

However, a well-defined eye reappeared in the system and Kevin reintensified to a low-end Category 3 hurricane with maximum winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 960 hectopascals (28 inHg) on October 7. But this was short-lived and on October 8 the hurricane began to weaken again and on October 9 it had entered into the Central Pacific basin as a waning Category 1 hurricane.[38] After this crossing, it was subsequently downgraded to storm strength the same day and on October 11, to a depression. It dissipated as a tropical cyclone that same day. The remnant circulation did persist a while longer as it slowly drifted north to finally lose its identity late on October 14.[19]

Hurricane Kevin caused no known damage or casualties.[38] Kevin was a hurricane for 12½ days while over the Eastern Pacific basin. This is the longest a system has remained as a hurricane in the basin since improved satellite imagery began. All in all, Kevin was a tropical cyclone for 17½ days, the second longest at the time (after Hurricane Fico) and still the fourth longest, as of 2010.[1]

Hurricane Linda

Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration October 2 – October 13
Intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min),  957 mbar (hPa)

The tropical wave that ultimately produced Hurricane Linda emerged from the northwest coast of Africa on September 16 and tracked westward across the tropical Atlantic. The convection increased markedly upon approaching the Lesser Antilles on September 21. The tropical wave's northern portion split off to the north and caused showers in Jamaica, the Bahamas and Cuba while the southern part continued and crossed Panama into the Pacific basin on September 25 as a group of disorganized cloud clusters. It took many days to organize and it was not until October 3 when organization improved and the wave became Tropical Depression Fourteen-E.[39]

The tropical depression moved toward the northwest while strengthening and became Tropical Storm Linda within 12 hours. As Linda then drifted to the north it was upgraded to a hurricane on October 5. Then, the hurricane reached its estimated peak intensity of 120 mph (190 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 957 hectopascals (28.3 inHg) that same day. Linda began to weaken as it was following Kevin's track and entered to colder waters. Linda turned the west-northwest and passed 50 nautical miles (90 km) from Socorro Island, where it caused 80 mph (130 km/h) sustained winds on October 7. Later that day, Linda weakened to a tropical storm. On October 9, as Linda was following Kevin's track, the cyclone continued to weaken and was downgraded to a depression, although deep convection continued to intermittently appear. Finally, on early October 14, Linda dissipated.[39][40] There were no reported casualties or damages from Linda.[40]

Hurricane Marty

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration October 7 – October 18
Intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min),  979 mbar (hPa)

On October 5, a tropical wave crossed Central America and it began to organize the next day. Based on satellite classifications, the weather system was upgraded to tropical depression status about 273 miles (440 km) south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on October 7. It became a tropical storm on October 8 and was named Marty. It reached hurricane status early on October 10 while moving parallel to the coast of Mexico. There were several occasions when an eye was becoming apparent in satellite imagery but it never fully developed. An upper trough over the Western United States forced Marty to moved toward the northwest and north for a while, bringing the hurricane to waters previously cooled by hurricanes Kevin and Linda. Then, Marty disorganized and weakened into a tropical storm. Also, the trough which forced Marty northward moved out of the area, which made that Marty turned sharply to the west, then west-southwest around a high pressure system. Marty weakened further and remained as a tropical depression. It finally dissipated on October 18.[41]

On October 8, Marty was threatening enough to prompt the Mexican government to issue a tropical storm watch from Manzanillo to Acapulco. The warning was dropped on October 9 when Marty moved away. There were no associated casualties or damages with this tropical cyclone.[42]

Hurricane Nora

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration November 7 – November 12
Intensity 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min),  970 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave organized into a tropical depression on November 7 to the south of Mexico. It moved to the northwest and strengthened into Tropical Storm Nora the next day. On November 9, Nora became the first hurricane to form in November in the northern East Pacific basin since satellite observations began in 1966. It peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on November 10. A large trough moved in from the west and formed a low. Shear increased and disrupted Nora's convection. The low also caused an abrupt change of course to the northeast. Nora weakened to a depression on November 11 and dissipated the next day.[43] Nora's remnants continued to the northeast, showing brief flare-ups of convection, causing rain in Sinaloa and Nayarit. Rainfall was likely around 3 in (80 mm), but effects were minor with no casualties or damage.[44]

At the time, Hurricane Nora was the strongest known tropical cyclone to occur in the Pacific Ocean east of the dateline during the month of November.[1] That record was later broken by 2006's Hurricane Sergio.[45]

Accumulated Cyclone Activity (ACE)

ACE (104 kt²) – Storm
1 52.14 Kevin 8 6.00 Guillermo
2 33.3 Jimena 9 5.50 Delores
3 22.13 Carlos 10 3.51 Enrique
4 19.57 Fefa 11 3.47 Blanca
5 10.34 Linda 12 3.14 Hilda
6 7.62 Marty 13 2.53 Andres
7 7.18 Nora 14 1.92 Ignacio
Total= 177.93

The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength and it is used to rank hurricane seasons as above-normal, near-normal, and below-normal. It defines below-normal as having an ACE less than 95*104 kt²; It defines above normal as having an ACE above 150*104 kt² along with the numbers of any two of the following above average: tropical storms (15), hurricanes (9), or major hurricanes (4); It defines near-normal as having an ACE between 100*104 kt² and 150*104 kt², or an ACE above 150*104 kt² with fewer than two of the numbers of the following above average: tropical storms (15), hurricanes (9), or major hurricanes (4).[46]

The cumulative ACE for the Eastern Pacific this season fell within the official "Above Normal" grading, being one of the most active. This occurred because the season had many intense storms that lasted for a long period of time, including Kevin that took almost the third part of the total season ACE, as it held hurricane status for 12½ days in the basin.[1]

1991 storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1991. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1997 season. This is the same list used for the 1985 season.[1] In previous seasons, "Delores" was spelled "Dolores", but it was misspelled this year. After this season, the typo was corrected.[47] No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Ekeka. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

  • Andres
  • Blanca
  • Carlos
  • Dolores
  • Enrique
  • Fefa
  • Guillermo
  • Hilda
  • Ignacio
  • Jimena
  • Kevin
  • Linda
  • Marty
  • Nora
  • Olaf (unused)
  • Pauline (unused)
  • Rick (unused)
  • Sandra (unused)
  • Terry (unused)
  • Vivian (unused)
  • Waldo (unused)
  • Xina (unused)
  • York (unused)
  • Zelda (unused)

Retirement

The World Meteorological Organization retired one name in the spring of 1992: Fefa. It was replaced in the 1997 season by Felicia.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949-2007". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 2008-03-21. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822035410/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1949to2007_epa.txt. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 
  2. ^ a b c Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Andres" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/andres/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  3. ^ a b c d e Max Mayfield & Edward Rappaport (1991). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1991" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281992%29120%3C2697%3AENPHSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  4. ^ Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Andres" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/andres/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 
  5. ^ a b Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Strom Blanca" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 
  6. ^ Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 3. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim03.gif. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 
  7. ^ Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Strom Blanca" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 
  8. ^ Lixion Avila (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Carlos" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/carlos/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 
  9. ^ a b Miles Lawrence (1991). "Preliminart Report Hurricane Delores" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/delores/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  10. ^ Miles Lawrence (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Delores" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/delores/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  11. ^ Mayfield (1991-06-29). "Tropical Discussion Five-E Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.001. Retrieved 2006-12-23. 
  12. ^ Avila (1991-06-29). "Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.002. Retrieved 2006-12-23. 
  13. ^ Avila (1991-06-29). "Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 3". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.003. Retrieved 2006-12-23. 
  14. ^ Pasch (1991-06-29). "Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 4". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.004. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 
  15. ^ a b c Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  16. ^ Edward Rappaport (15 July 1991). "Tropical Storm Enrique Discussion 2". NOAA. National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/tropdisc/nep0691.002. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 
  17. ^ Forecaster Lawrence (July 16, 1991). "Tropical Storm Enrique Discussion 3". NOAA. National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/tropdisc/nep0691.003. Retrieved April 28, 2010. 
  18. ^ a b Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  19. ^ a b c d e "The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1991.php. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  20. ^ a b c "Tropical Storm Enrique (06E)" (PDF). 1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 70–1. http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/cep/06e.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 
  21. ^ Steve J. Fatjo. "Typhoons Georgette (11E) and Tip (10W)" (PDF). 1986 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 58–66. http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1986atcr/pdf/cep/11e10w.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 
  22. ^ Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Fefa" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  23. ^ Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Fefa" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  24. ^ a b Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Guillermo" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/guillerm/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  25. ^ Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Guillermo" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/guillerm/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  26. ^ a b c Lixion Avila (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Strom Hilda" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/hilda/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  27. ^ Steve Newman (1991-08-19). "Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet" (PDF). Syracuse Herald-Journal. p. 2. http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=28417305_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=2&currentPage=0. 
  28. ^ Rappaport (1991-09-12). "Tropical Depression Ten-E Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/tropdisc/nep1091.001. Retrieved 2006-12-23. 
  29. ^ a b MBL (1991-09-23). "Tropical Depression 10-E" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/prenhc/prelim01.gif. 
  30. ^ Avila (1991-09-13). "Tropical Depression Ten-E Discussion Number 6". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/tropdisc/nep1091.006. Retrieved 2006-12-23. 
  31. ^ Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Strom Ignacio" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/ignacio/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  32. ^ Edward Rappaport. "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 3. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991-prelim/ignacio/prelim03.gif. Retrieved 2009-03-04. 
  33. ^ a b Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Strom Ignacio" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/ignacio/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  34. ^ David M. Roth. "Tropical Storm Ignacio" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/ignacio1991filledrainblk.gif. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 
  35. ^ a b Richard Pasch (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Jimena" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/jimena/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  36. ^ Richard Pasch (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Jimena" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/jimena/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  37. ^ Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Kevin" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/kevin/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  38. ^ a b Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Kevin" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/kevin/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  39. ^ a b Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminart Report Hurricane Linda" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/linda/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  40. ^ a b Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/linda/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  41. ^ Lixion Avila (1991). "Hurricane Marty Prelim 1" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/marty/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  42. ^ Lixion Avila. "Preliminary Report Hurricane Marty" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991-prelim/marty/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2009-03-04. 
  43. ^ Miles Lawrence (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Nora" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/nora/prenhc/prelim01.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  44. ^ Miles Lawrence (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Nora" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/nora/prenhc/prelim02.gif. Retrieved 2006-12-22. 
  45. ^ Richard Pasch and David Roberts (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Sergio" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP212006_Sergio.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-23. 
  46. ^ Climate Prediction Center. "Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season". http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html. Retrieved 2006-10-26. 
  47. ^ "EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONE NAME HISTORY". Atlantic Tropical Weather Center. http://www.atwc.org/pachist.txt. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 
  48. ^ "TCP NHC Tropical Cyclone Names". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 1997-04-27. http://web.archive.org/web/19970427134620/www.nhc.noaa.gov/names.html. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 

External links

Tropical cyclones of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season
Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
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