| 1912 Military Aeroplane Competition | |
|---|---|
| the second Cody V in the Science Museum, London |
In 1911 the War Office announced their first Military Aeroplane Competition for aircraft to meet the requirements of the newly formed Royal Flying Corps. The formal requirements were published in December 1911.[1] The trials were held in August 1912 at Larkhill.[2] The competition was won by S. F. Cody with his Cody V biplane.[3]
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By 1911 it was clear that the development of aircraft had reached the point where they were of military significance. France, the world leader in aviation at the time, had over 200 aircraft in military service. In contrast, Britain’s total military aircraft strength was nineteen aircraft, of which, in the words of Colonel J.E.B Seely, Under-Secretary of State for War, "one is broken beyond repair and one is quite out of date. Others are more or less under repair" adding "We are arriving at a point when we think we see our way to choose what is the best type, first for teaching people to fly, and secondly, to buy for the purposes of war should war unfortunately break out".[4]The only practical step that had been taken was by the War Office was the creation of an establishment for the scientific examination of the various problems involved in aircraft design. After some consultation with the Royal Aero Club and various aircraft maufacturers, the announced their "Specification for a Military Aeroplane" in late December, the details being published in Flight on 23 December 1911.
The aircraft's performance had to meet the following requirements:[1]
Additionally, the aircraft had to be transported to Larkhill in a crate of specified size and assembled there. Aircraft had to be capable of being dismantled and transported by road or rail, and the ease of rigging and de-rigging would be one of the factors taken into account by the judges.
Prizes were to be awarded for aircraft built in any country, first prize £4,000, second prize £2,000.[2] Prizes for British subjects in an aircraft made in the United Kingdom (except the engine), first prize £1500, two second-prizes of £1,000, and three third-prizes of £500.[2] Ten other aircraft that passed the flying test would be given £100.[2]
The War Office issued an amended and slightly less demanding list of specifications in May 1912, and manufacturers had to submit their entries to the Secretary of the Judges Committee by 15 June. The aircraft had to be delivered to Larkhill on or before 15 July. No date was given for the actual flying trials.[5]
These eventually started on 2 August 1912. Originally 32 different aircraft were entered for the trials but some failed to turn up.[2] The competition was judged by a committee consisting of Brigadier D . Henderson, Captain Godfrey Paine and Mervyn O'Gorman, with Major F.H. Sykes acting as Secretary.
The trials were very different to modern military aircraft trials. Although the public were excluded from the aircraft hangars and flying field, otherwise free access was allowed. Aviation was then a subject of great popular interest, and many people came to watch.[6]
| Serial number[7] | Aircraft[7] | Entry[7] | Notes[7][3] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hanriot 1912 Monoplane | Hanriot (England) Limited | £100 for completing trial |
| 2 | Hanriot 1912 Monoplane | Hanriot (England) Limited | £100 for completing trial |
| 3 | Vickers Monoplane No. 6 | Vickers Limited | Completed trial |
| 4 | Bleriot Type XI-2 | Louis Bleriot | Tandem seating, £100 for completing trial, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps after trial |
| 5 | Bleriot Type XI | Louis Bleriot | Side-by-side seating, £100 for completing trial. |
| 6 | Avro Type G | A V Roe and Co | |
| 7 | Avro Type G | A V Roe and Co | £100 for completing trial. |
| 8 | Breguet Biplane Biplane | Breguet Aeroplanes Limited | British-built, 110 hp Salmson engine. Engine problems stopped it from paying a major part in the trials.[8] |
| 9 | Breguet Type U2 | Breguet Aeroplanes Limited | French-built, 110 hp Salmson engine, crashed before trial.[8] |
| 10 | COW Biplane | Coventry Ordnance Works Limited | Did not complete trial |
| 11 | COW Biplane | Coventry Ordnance Works Limited | Did not enter due engine trouble |
| 12 | Bristol GE.2 | Bristol and Colonial Aeroplane Company | |
| 13 | Bristol GE.2 | Bristol and Colonial Aeroplane Company | 3rd Prize of £500 in the British-built category, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps. |
| 14 | Bristol-Coanda Monoplane | Bristol and Colonial Aeroplane Company | 3rd Prize of £500 in the British-built category, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps. |
| 15 | Bristol-Coanda Monoplane | Bristol and Colonial Aeroplane Company | Purchased by the Royal Flying Corps after trial |
| 16 | Flanders B.2 | L. Howard-Flanders Limited | Withdrawn and did not finish trial |
| 17 | Martin-Handayside Monoplane | Martin & Handayside | Had engine trouble during trial |
| 18 | Aerial Wheel Syndicate Monoplane | Aerial Wheel Syndicate Limited | Arrived at Larkhill but not assembled in time for start of flight trials |
| 19 | Mersey Monoplane | Mersey Aeroplane Company | Fatal crash during trial |
| 20 | Deperdussin Type B Monoplane | British Deperdussin Aeroplane Company Limited | 100 hp Anzani radial engine |
| 21 | Deperdussin Type B Monoplane | British Deperdussin Aeroplane Company Limited | 100 hp Gnome rotary engine
3rd Prize of £500 in the British-built category, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps after trial |
| 22 | Maurice Farman S.7 | Aircraft Manufacturing Company Limited | £100 for completing trial |
| 23 | DFW Mars monoplane | Cecil E. Kny | Did not arrive. [9] |
| 24 | Lohner biplane | Jacob Lohner and Co | Did not arrive |
| 25 | Harper Monoplane | A M Harper | Did not arrive |
| 26 | Deperdussin Type B Monoplane | Armand Deperdussin | 100 hp Gnome rotary engine
French-built, 2nd prize in any country category of £2,000, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps. |
| 27 | Deperdussin Type B Monoplane | Armand Deperdussin | French-built did not arrive |
| 28 | Handley Page Type F monoplane | Handley Page Limited | Damaged during trial |
| 29 | Piggott biplane | Piggott Brothers and Co Limited | Did not complete trial |
| 30 | Cody IV monoplane | Mr S F Cody | Crashed before trial |
| 31 | Cody V biplane | Mr S F Cody | Winner of the trial with the 1st prize in any country category of £4,000 and 1st prize in the British built category of £1,000, purchased by the Royal Flying Corps. |
| 32 | Borel monoplane | Societe Anonyme des Aeroplanes, Borel | Not ready to compete |
The Cody biplane, successfully passed all the tests and was declared winner of the competition, despite the fact that several other of the competitors (such as the Hanriot monoplanes) demonstrated better all-round performance. As a result, the Cody was purchased by the Flying Corps, with an order placed for a second example to be built by Cody.[10][11]
Several more of the competitors were also purchased by the Royal Flying Corps. These were the Beriot XI-2, the two Bristol Coanda monoplanes and the two Gnome-powered Deperdussins. Most of these aircraft saw little use, with one of the Deperdussins crashing fatally on 6 September 1912, followed by one of the Bristol-Coanda monoplanes on 10 September (with the Bristol crash being caused by inadvertent operation in flight of a quick-release catch which had been fitted to allow easy disassembly for the Trials). These crashes resulted in a ban being imposed of monoplane use by the RFC.[12] This had a long-term effect on the course of British aircraft design. The Cody Trials aircraft crashed fatally due to a structural failure in April 1913, and the second Cody biplane was withdrawn from use.[13]
The War Office had already placed orders for A. V. Roe's Type 500 two seat biplane, the Gnome-engined immediate predecessor of the Type G. They had also placed orders for examples of the B.E.1 built by the Royal Aircraft Factory and designed by Geoffrey de Havilland. The prototypes of this designs had put in a number of appearances at the trials and had clearly demonstrated their all-round superiority to the other aircraft: they were barred from competition, because the Director of the Aircraft Factory, Mervyn O'Gorman, was on the panel of judges.