1291

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century – 13th century – 14th century
Decades:	1260s 1270s 1280s – 1290s – 1300s 1310s 1320s
Years:	1288 1289 1290 – 1291 – 1292 1293 1294

1291 by topic
Politics
State leaders – Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1291 in poetry

Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

Spring – Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return.
May 10 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland five years earlier.
August 1 – According to tradition, the Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, the "three forest cantons", at Rütli by the Federal Charter.
Sancho IV of Castile captures Tarifa from the Moors.
The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne.
Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino via papal bull.
All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there.
Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia as part of a frontier defense system.
King Andrew III of Hungary gives royal town privileges to Bratislava, the present-day capital of Slovakia.

May 18 – Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades, by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).
The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Dadu in Yuan Dynasty in China by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing.
Emperor Kameyama of Japan establishes the Zen Buddhist temple of Nanzenji in Kyoto.

Four towns of the county of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the county of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) accept for the first time to collectively secure a loan by their sovereign, Floris V. This system gives important securities to the lenders and allows the ruler to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.^[1]

March 10 – Arghun, Mongol ruler in Persia
June 18 – King Alfonso III of Aragon (b. 1265)
June 26 – Eleanor of Provence, queen of Henry III of England
July 15 – Rudolph I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1218)
Hong Dagu, Korean military leader (b. 1244)
Talabuga, khan of the Blue Horde
Tanḥum Yerushalmi, 13th Century Judeo-Arabic Commentator and leader of Egyptian Jewish Community

^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". European Review of Economic History 14 (2).