1260s
The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.
1260s: events by year
Contents: 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269
By place
Africa
Asia
Europe
By topic
Arts and culture
Religion
By area
Asia
- King Mangrai of the Lanna Kingdom (present day Northern Thailand, Shan State and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture) founds the city of Chiang Rai as the kingdom's capital.
Europe
By topic
Arts and culture
Markets
- The Venetian Senate starts consolidating all of the city's outstanding debt into a single fund, later known as the Monte Vecchio. The holders of the newly created prestiti are promised a 5% annual coupon. These claims can be sold and quickly (before 1320) give rise to the first recorded secondary market for financial assets in medieval Europe.[2]
Religion
By area
Europe
Northern and eastern Europe
Mediterranean
By topic
Arts and culture
Education
Markets
- Edward, heir to the throne of England, seizes £10,000 which had been deposited to the trust of the knights Templars in London by foreign merchants and English magnates.[4]
- The Bonsignori firm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue from the papal estates to Rome. [5]
Religion
By area
Asia
- Kublai Khan defeats his brother and pretender to the title of Khagan, or Khan of Khans, Ariq Boke, who surrenders to Kublai and is summarily imprisoned. He dies a year later under mysterious circumstances, possibly by poisoning, but the cause of death is still uncertain. However, this battle essentially marks the end of a unified Mongol Empire.
- Kublai Khan decides to move his capital from Shangdu in Inner Mongolia to the Chinese city of Dadu (now Beijing).
- Kublai Khan publicly reprimands his own officers for executing 2 Song Dynasty Chinese generals without trial or investigation. This act is one of many in order to enhance his reputation amongst the Chinese, to increase his legitimacy as a just ruler, and win over more defectors from the Southern Song.
- The Japanese era Kōchō ends, and the Bun'ei era begins.
Europe
- April – Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury.
- Before May – The Second Barons' War, a civil war in England, begins.
- May 12–May 14 – The Battle of Lewes of the Second Barons' War is fought between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his son, future King Edward I, making de Montfort the "uncrowned king of England" for 15 months before Edward escapes captivity and recaptures the throne.
- June 18 – The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature.
- August 5 – Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt (modern-day Germany).* In Spain, King James I of Aragon reconquers the cities of Orihuela in Alicante and Elx in Valencia from the Moors, ending over 500 years of Islamic rule.
- October 9 – King Alfonso X "the Wise" recapture the town of Jerez de la Frontera in Spain from the Muslims.
- The War of the Thuringian Succession ends.
- The state of Hesse gains its independence from Thuringia and becomes a free state of the Holy Roman Empire.
- In the Peerage of England, the title Baron de Ros, the oldest continuously held peerage title in England, is created by writ of summons.
- Sinucello della Rocca becomes lord of Corsica and rules the island, benefiting from the rivalry of Pisa and Genoa.[6]
- King Boleslaus V of Poland promulgates legal protection for his Jewish subjects, including protection from the kidnapping and forcible baptism of Jewish children.
By topic
Education
Religion
By topic
War and politics
Culture
By place
Africa and Asia
By place
Europe
Asia
By topic
War and politics
Culture
- Roger Bacon completes his work Opus Majus and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes Opus Minus, a summary of Opus Majus, later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the Opus Tertium, written in 1267, that "forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet". The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.
- The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum,a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.
- In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.
By place
Asia and Africa
By topic
War and politics
Culture
By place
Asia
By area
Africa
Europe
By topic
Religion
Science
In Asia, Kublai Khan was proclaimed the supreme leader of the Mongol Empire, although his title was only partially recognized. After defeating his younger brother Ariq Boke, he moved his capital to Beijing; while he fought the southern Chinese Song Dynasty, the empire saw its first significant military defeats — first in Palestine at the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt, and later in the Caucasus. The Mamluks, led by their new sultan Baibars, quickly became a regional power in the Middle East by capturing a number of crusader states and repulsing Mongol attacks. The Empire of Nicaea succeeded in capturing Constantinople and the rest of the Latin Empire, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
In Europe, political strife and territorial disputes led to widespread warfare around the continent. England witnessed the Second Barons' War, a civil war fought over the aristocracy's disillusionment with King Henry III's attempts to maintain an absolute monarchy. The pope of the Catholic Church, aligned against the Hohenstaufen dynasty of the Holy Roman Emperor, succeeded in eliminating the line when the last male heir, Conradin, was killed by papal ally Charles I of Sicily, a Frenchman. Meanwhile, King Otakar II of Bohemia became the most powerful prince in Europe, expanding his territories through both warfare and inheritance. In other developments, both Iceland and Greenland accepted the overlordship of Norway, but Scotland was able to repulse a Norse invasion and broker a favorable peace settlement. In Spain, the Reconquista continued as several important cities were recaptured from the Moors. Political reforms were instituted in the election procedures of the pope and the doges of Venice, and the parliaments of Ireland and England met for the first time.
Several important cultural achievements were made in the decade, including publication of Roger Bacon's important scientific work Opus Majus and Thomas Aquinas' Summa contra Gentiles. Masterpieces of architecture and sculpture were completed at cathedrals around Europe, including the Cathedral of Chartres and Nicola Pisano's pulpits for the Duomo di Siena and Pisa's Baptistery. In religion, the Sukhothai kingdom in Thailand adopted Buddhism as its official religion. In Europe anti-Semitism intensified, as several authorities promulgated laws requiring Jews to wear identifying yellow badges, Jews were massacred in England, and the Talmud was attacked and censored by the Catholic Church.
War and politics
Europe
War and peace
North and West Europe
Central and South Europe
Iberian Peninsula
Southeast Europe
England: The Second Barons' War
- 1261 – King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull releasing him from the Provisions of Oxford, setting the stage for a civil war over the power struggle between the crown and the aristocracy of England.
- 1264 – Before May – Second Barons' War, an English civil war, begins.
- 1264 – May 12 to May 14 – The Battle of Lewes is fought between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his brother, future King Edward I, making de Montfort the "uncrowned king of England".
- 1265 – January 20 – In Westminster, the first English parliament conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now also known as the Houses of Parliament.
- 1265 – Before August – Future King Edward I escapes captivity in the hands of Simon de Montfort.
- 1265 – August 4 – The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort and killing de Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.
- 1266 – October – The war winds down as supporters of the slain rebel leader Simon de Montfort make an offer of peace to the king in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
- 1267 – The Second Barons' War ends, as the rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace terms as laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
Political entities
Political reform
People
- 1262 – King Mindaugas of Lithuania renounces Christianity, returning to his pagan roots and reverting to Grand Duke of Lithuania.
- 1263 – Mindaugas, the only Christian king of Lithuania, is assassinated by his cousin Treniota.
- 1264 – In the Peerage of England, the title Baron de Ros, the oldest continuously held peerage title in England, is created by writ of summons.
- 1267 – King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales in the Treaty of Montgomery.
- 1268 – October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Catholic church.
- 1268 – The House of Bourbon first rises to prominence with the marriage of Robert, Count of Clermont to King Louis IX of France's daughter, Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon.
- 1269 – King Otakar II of Bohemia inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola, making him the most powerful prince within the Holy Roman Empire.
Asia and Africa
Mongol Empire
Mamluk sultanate of Egypt
Byzantine Empire
North Africa
South Asia
Culture
Science, literature, and industry
- 1260 – Jacobus de Varagine compiles his work, the Golden Legend, a late medieval best-seller.
- 1265 – The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.
- 1265 – The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic); Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.
- 1266 – In France, the gold écu and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time.
- 1267 – Roger Bacon completes his work Opus Majus and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes Opus Minus, a summary of Opus Majus, later in the same year.
- 1268 – In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.
- 1269 – Pierre de Maricourt first describes magnetic poles and remarks on the nonexistence of isolated magnetic poles.
Art, architecture, and music
Cities and institutions
Religion
Christianity
Judaism
Buddhism
Births
Deaths
References
- ^ BBC History, July 2011, p12
- ^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review 15 (3): 506-562.
- ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ^ Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review 8 (1).
- ^ Catoni, Giuliano. "BONSIGNORI". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ Colombani, Philippe (2010). Héros corses du Moyen Age. Ajaccio: Albiana. p. 173. ISBN 9782846983389.
- ^ Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review 8 (1).