Bourne shell

The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7 and most Unix-like systems continue to have /bin/sh - which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell - even when more modern shells are used by most users.

Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Laboratories, it was a replacement for the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. It was released in 1977 in the Version 7 Unix release distributed to colleges and universities. Although it is used as an interactive command interpreter, it was always intended as a scripting language and contains all the features that are commonly considered to produce structured programs.

It gained popularity with the publication of The UNIX Programming Environment by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike — the first commercially published book that presented the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form.

Origins

The shell was designed as a replacement for the original Thompson shell.

Among the primary goals were:^[1]

• To allow shell scripts to be used as filters.
• To provide programmability including control flow and variables.
• Control over all input/output file descriptors.
• Control over signal handling within scripts.
• No limits on string lengths when interpreting shell scripts.
• Rationalize and generalize string quoting mechanism.
• The environment mechanism. This allowed context to be established at startup and provided a way for shell scripts to pass context to sub scripts (processes) without having to use explicit positional parameters.

Features

Features of the Bourne shell include:

• Scripts can be invoked as commands by using their filename
• May be used interactively or non-interactively
• Allow both synchronous and asynchronous execution of commands
• supports input and output redirection and pipelines
• provides a set of built-in commands
• provides flow control constructs, quotation facilities, and functions.
• typeless variables
• provides local and global variable scope
• scripts do not require compilation before execution
• does not have a goto facility, so code restructuring may be necessary
• Command substitution using back quotes: `command`.
• Here documents using << to embed a block of input text within a script.
• "for ~ do ~ done" loops, in particular the use of $* to loop over arguments.
• "case ~ in ~ esac" selection mechanism, primarily intended to assist argument parsing.
• sh provided support for environment variables using keyword parameters and exportable variables.
• It contains strong provisions for controlling input and output and in its expression matching facilities.

The Bourne shell also was the first to feature the convention of using file descriptor 2> for error messages, allowing much greater programmatic control during scripting by keeping error messages separate from data.

Over the years, the Bourne shell was enhanced at AT&T. The various variants are thus called like the respective AT&T Unix version it was released with (some important variants being Version7, SystemIII, SVR2, SVR3, SVR4). As the shell was never versioned, the only way to identify it was testing its features.

Stephen Bourne carried into this shell some aspects of the ALGOL 68C compiler that he had been working on at Cambridge University. Notably he reused portions of ALGOL 68's "if ~ then ~ elif ~ else ~ fi", "case ~ in ~ esac" and "for ~ while ~ do ~ od" (using done instead of od) clauses in the common Unix Bourne shell syntax. Moreover - although the v7 shell is written in C - Bourne took advantage of some macros^[2] to give the C source code an ALGOL 68 flavor. These macros (along with the finger command distributed in Unix version 4.2BSD) inspired the IOCCC - International Obfuscated C Code Contest.^[3]

Criticism

The Bourne shell has been criticized^[4][5] for its shortcomings compared to the C shell.

• The Bourne shell was not as friendly for interactive use. C shell offered history, aliases, job control and other features that made it faster and easier to use.
• Even though the rest of the Unix system was written in C, the Bourne shell's grammar looked nothing like C; it looked like ALGOL, instead.
• It lacked an expression grammar. Even simple arithmetic had to be done using the external test and expr utilities.

Descendants

The Korn shell (ksh) written by David Korn, was a middle road between the Bourne shell and the C shell. Its syntax was chiefly drawn from the Bourne shell, while its job control features resembled those of the C shell. The functionality of the original Korn Shell (known as ksh88 from the year of its introduction) was used as a basis for the POSIX shell standard. A newer version, ksh93, has been open source since 2000 and is used on some Linux distributions. There is also a clone of ksh88 known as pdksh, and this is the default shell for all users of OpenBSD.

Bash (the Bourne-Again shell) was later developed for the GNU project. Bash incorporates features from the Bourne shell, csh, and ksh. Bash is the default shell for OS X, Cygwin, and most Linux distributions.

rc was created at Bell Labs by Tom Duff as a replacement for sh for Version 10 Unix. It is the default shell for Plan 9 from Bell Labs. It has been ported to UNIX as part of Plan 9 from User Space.

Due to copyright issues surrounding the Bourne Shell as it was used in historic CSRG BSD releases, Kenneth Almquist developed a clone of the Bourne Shell, known by some as the Almquist Shell and available under the BSD license, which is in use today on some BSD descendants and in low-memory situations. The Almquist Shell was ported to Linux, and the port renamed the Debian Almquist shell, or dash. This shell provides much faster execution of standard sh scripts with a smaller memory footprint than its more common counterpart, bash. Its use tends to expose bashisms - bash-centric assumptions made in scripts meant to run on sh.

Usage

The Bourne shell was once standard on all branded Unix systems, although historically BSD-based systems had many scripts written in csh. Bourne shell scripts can typically be run with bash or dash on GNU/Linux or other Unix-like systems.

Quotes

"Nobody really knows what the Bourne shell's grammar is. Even examination of the source code is little help."

— Tom Duff ^[6]

See also

• Comparison of computer shells
• GNU Bash
• rc

References

External links

• UNIX Shell Script Tutorials & Reference
• The individual members of "The Traditional Bourne Shell Family"
• Actual C source code for the Bourne shell using mac.h macros
• Original Bourne Shell documentation from 1978
• A port of the "heirloom" SVR4 Bourne shell from OpenSolaris to other Unix-like systems
• Bourne Shell Tutorial (syntax)
• faqs shell differences
• Howard Dahdah, The A–Z of Programming Languages: Bourne shell, or sh — An in-depth interview with Steve Bourne, creator of the Bourne shell, or sh, Computerworld, 5 March 2009.